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TAKS Review
Taxonomy, Evolution and
Adaptations
Binomial Nomenclature
Organisms are given two term names:
genus and species
Humans are :
Homo sapiens
Genus is always
capitalized
species is not!
Either italicize or
underline the name
Levels of Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Kangaroo
Parents
Clapped
Obediently
For
Green
Shoes
Protista
Fungi
Eubacteria
The Six Kingdoms
Animalia
Archaebacteria
Plantae
Six Kingdoms
Cell
type?
Cell
wall?
Eubacteria
Protista
Prokaryotic Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Yes
Fungi
Yes
Some
Yes
Yes
(peptidoglycan)
(cellulose)
(chitin)
(cellulose)
cellular
Both
hetero- and
autotrophs
Both
hetero- and
autotrophs
Animals
Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Unicellular Unicellular Unicellular Unicellular
Cell
or Multior Multinumbers
Cellular
energy
Plants
NO
Multicellular
Multicellular
autotrophs
heterotrophs
cellular
heterotrophs
Both
hetero- and
autotrophs
Examples from the 6 Kingdoms
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Halophiles,
methanogens
E. Coli, Streptococcus
Protista
Euglena, diatoms,
amoeba
Fungi
Mushrooms, yeast
Plantae
Animalia
Moss, ferns, flowering
plants, trees
Birds, humans,
reptiles, sponges,
worms
Practice Question
A laboratory investigation included examining
prepared slides of pond water. Single-celled
organisms with a nucleus and either cilia or
flagella were visible. These organisms probably
belong to the kingdom —
F Animalia
G Eubacteria
J
H Plantae
J Protista
Practice Question
Which of these classifications is most
specific?
A Family
B
B Genus
C Phylum
D Order
Practice Question
According to this information, three of these
organisms should be placed in the same
kingdom. Which organism should be placed in
a different kingdom?
F Q
G R
H S
J T
G
Practice Question
Knowledge of which of these is most important
in classifying this new organism into a
kingdom?
F The color of light absorbed by the organism
G The type of radiation emitted
H The use of photosynthesis
J The color of the organism
H
Practice Question
The picture shows a piece of rotting wood. Which of
these does the picture demonstrate?
F Photosynthesis occurring
G Wood regenerating
H Decomposers growing
J Genes transforming
H
Practice Question
The chart shows the
classification of four
organisms found in Texas.
Which organism is most
closely related to Organism
X?
A Anolis carolinensis
B Bufo americanus
C Poecile gambeli
D Grus americana
C
Practice Question
Which is a characteristic of members of
the plant kingdom that distinguishes
them from members of the animal
kingdom?
D
A Storage of energy in chemical bonds
B Exchange of H2O with the environment
C Use of mRNA during protein production
D Use of chlorophyll for solar-energy transformation
Practice Question
The table above shows
percent differences in
Cytochrome c in four
different animals.
According to the table,
which two animals are
most closely related to
A
A Horse and dog
B Dog and kangaroo
C Horse and penguin
D Penguin and
kangaroo
Evolution
• Means change over time
• Organisms are suited to their environment,
but as their environment changes they also
must change or adapt in order to survive.
• Adaptations are characteristics that increase
an organisms chances for survival.
Adaptation Questions
• TAKS likes adaptation questions.
• For these, think about the environment the
organism is in and what its MOST important
needs are!
• Examples
– Desert species need water, cooling system
– Tundra species need to keep warm
– Saltwater species need to remove extra salt, breathe
underwater
Who is more fit to their
environment?
• Polar
That’sbears
better!
are not naturally
found where there are brick
walls and dirt.
•The brown bear
blends in with the flora
found in the Canadian
wilderness.
Speciation:
Separation into new species
• Geographic, Temporal and Behavioral
isolation can all lead to reproductive
isolation.
Temporal
refers to
timing.
Timing for
mating,
migrating,
feeding etc.
Mountains, rivers even roads
can separate two populations
of the same species.
Bird of paradise mating dance is a
distinct behavior of this species
Reproductive Isolation
• When two variations of the same species
can no longer interbreed because they are
separated by time, behavior or location…
• …they have experienced reproductive
isolation. They are no longer part of the
same species. They are two different
species.
• Speciation has occurred.
Natural Selection
• “Survival of the Fittest”
• Organisms that survive long enough to reproduce
have favorable traits.
• These traits get passed on to offspring.
• They are naturally selected for and become more
common as time goes on.
• FYI: unfavorable traits don’t get passed on as often and
are seen less frequently as time goes on.
Practice Question
Which of the following is an adaptation
most likely observed in plants growing
along Aransas Bay (red dot on map)?
A Sensitivity to green light
B Tolerance of saltwater
C Extension of root length
D Resistance to predation
B
Practice Question
Cacti grow slowly compared to most other
plants. The fact that cacti keep their stomata
closed for much of the day can help explain
this growth characteristic. Which of these best
explains the advantage of keeping stomata
closed during the day?
F It limits water loss through transpiration.
G It conserves oxygen produced in photosynthesis.
H It recycles carbon dioxide within plant systems.
J It protects plant tissues from predators.
F
Practice Question
Background
Stomata are the little holes mainly on the
bottom side of leaves that control H2O loss
and CO2 intake.
They can open and close depending on plant
needs.
Practice Question
The myxoma virus was used to control an overpopulation of
European rabbits in Australia. When first introduced in the
mid-1900s, the virus greatly reduced the European rabbit
population. Today the virus is not an effective control of
the European rabbit population. Fewer European rabbits
are affected by the virus today because they have —
F learned to avoid the virus
G moved away from infected areas
H undergone a change in diet
J developed resistance to the virus
J
Practice Question
The guppy is a species of small freshwater fish.
Scientists observed that the average size of
guppies in a pond decreased over a few
years after a guppy predator was introduced
into the pond. Which of the following best
explains the change in guppy size?
F Speciation
G Convergent evolution
H Inbreeding
J Natural selection
J
Practice Question
Some mesquite trees have deeper roots than
any other plant in the desert. How are deep
roots an adaptation for survival in the desert?
F Deep roots can protect the tree from predators.
G Roots encounter cooler conditions far below the
desert surface.
H Roots can extend great distances to reach water.
J Deep roots interact with beneficial bacteria below the
surface.
H
Practice Question
A man treated his home with a pesticide that kills
roaches. The first application of the pesticide killed
92% of the roaches. Two months later he applied the
pesticide to his home again, but the second
application killed only 65% of the roaches. What
would best explain the decrease in the effectiveness
of the pesticide?
F The pesticide is effective only against mature roaches.
G Once roaches learned how to fight the pesticide, they taught
others.
H The surviving roaches were naturally resistant to the pesticide,
and that resistance was inherited by their offspring.
J The pesticide caused some of the roaches’ digestive systems to
mutate and metabolize the pesticide.
H
Practice Question
Which of the following
best explains how the
milkweed bug’s coloration
helps it avoid being eaten
by birds?
F Birds become confused by the
bug’scoloration, so the bug
has time to escape.
G Birds associate the bug’s
coloration with its bad taste
and avoid eating it.
H Birds are unable to locate the
bug’s head, so the bug can
escape.
J Birds cannot locate the bug
because it appears to be part
of the plant.
G
Practice Question
The benefits of spines on a cactus are
similar to the benefits of the —
F scales on a butterfly wing
G talons on a hawk
J
H whiskers on a cat
J shell on a tortoise
Practice Question
Some species of kelp anchor themselves to the
seafloor. These species have small air sacs,
called air bladders, at the base of each leaf.
The air bladders raise the top of the kelp to
the water’s surface. What advantage do air
bladders give the kelp?
A They allow the kelp to obtain more salt from the
water.
B They prevent the kelp from breaking during a storm.
C They allow kelp leaves to receive greater amounts of
sunlight.
D They provide the kelp with protection from herbivores.
C
Fossils
• Imprints or remains of living things
• In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the
deeper it is, the older it is
• Gives information about extinct species
What is extinction and what causes it?
• A population is extinct when the last of that species is
dead.
• Example: There are no more dinosaurs.
• What happened? Their habitat was destroyed. When
they no longer have what they need to live, they die.
Analogous and Homologous
Metacarpals
Features
Radius
Ulna
Humerus
Homologous
structures are
derived from a
common ancestor
structure, but may
or may not serve
the same purpose.
Analogous structures serve the same purpose.
The moth with is analogous to bat and bird wings.
The bones are
homologous.
Practice Question
During a severe drought a dry lake
was explored for fossils. The diagram
represents the fossils uncovered and
the layers they were in. According to
this information, this area was once a —
A forest that was replaced by a freshwater lake
B freshwater lake that was replaced by a desert
C saltwater sea that was replaced by a forest
D freshwater lake that was replaced by a forest
A
Practice Question
Birds and reptiles are similar in that they are
vertebrates and lay eggs. They differ in that
reptiles have teeth and birds have beaks. Some
birds do possess teeth. However, these teeth are
present only in the embryonic stage. Which
conclusion is best supported by the presence of
teeth in bird embryos?
A
A Birds and reptiles share a common ancestor.
B Modern reptiles are the ancestors of modern birds.
C Birds and reptiles eat similar types of food.
D Ancestors of reptiles had beaks similar to those of birds.