* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download document 8132556
Survey
Document related concepts
Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup
Island restoration wikipedia , lookup
Conservation biology wikipedia , lookup
Molecular ecology wikipedia , lookup
Maximum sustainable yield wikipedia , lookup
Restoration ecology wikipedia , lookup
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project wikipedia , lookup
Source–sink dynamics wikipedia , lookup
Habitat destruction wikipedia , lookup
Reconciliation ecology wikipedia , lookup
Conservation movement wikipedia , lookup
Mission blue butterfly habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Objectives and Challenges of Goal-oriented Landscape Design Bryan Watts and Mike Wilson Center for Conservation Biology College of William and Mary http://www.ccb-wm.org Producing information that enables conservation Continental Bird Conservation Lattice Strategy Development Continental Integration & Strategy Implementation Continental Action BCR / Landscape Management & Restoration BCR / Landscape Assessment Species / Habitat Assessment Species / Habitat Management & Restoration Species / Habitat Information Needs Assessment Targeted Species / Habitat Monitoring BCR / Landscape Information Needs Assessment BCR-specific Monitoring Continental Monitoring Infrastructure Continental Monitoring Program Conservation Monitoring General Management Framework Resource Constraints Single Species Systems Multiple Species Systems Conservation Strategy Conservation Planning National Planning Shorebird Plan Colonial Waterbird Plan Waterfowl Plan Translation Adaptive Monitoring Regional Planning Synthesis Integrated Regional Plan MABCI PLAN Conservation Action Status Evaluation Action Plan Local Conservation Action Response Conservation Goals Regional PIF Plan STATUS EVALUATION (Conceptual Model) Habitat Requirements Habitat Assessment Ecological Modifiers Population Projection Population/Goal Comparison Management Options Action Plan STATUS EVALUATION (Grasshopper Sparrow) Grassland 18,884 ha Sub-type Density Patch Area Population Projection 150 k Population Goal ? 75 k Conservation Design Status Conservation Benefit Conservation Benefit Habitat Management Management H1 H2 Management Goal-Oriented Land Management (For Wildlife Species) Species-Landscape Compatibility Suite of Required Resources FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS What is our objective (goal)? What management tools should we use? What resources are available to us? What criteria are we going to use to evaluate strategy? Habitat Availability Winter Conditions Physiological Stressors Food Availability Predation Competition Contaminants Integrated Responses Ecological Factors Influencing Populations Survivorship Reproductive Success Population Response Legislative Protection Reduce Contaminants Improve Habitat Quality Predator Control Protect Habitat Control Competitors Create Habitat Integrated Responses Management Actions Influencing Populations Survivorship Reproductive Success Population Response Management Actions are Habitat Specific 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pool of Management Actions Habitat 1 Habitat 2 Habitat 3 Habitat 4 Attributes of Management Actions Benefit Cost 9 10 11 12 Metrics Money Land Time Population Increase Management Strategy m09 m10 m11 m12 Benefits (m9 + m10 + m11 + m12) Costs (m9 + m10 + m11 + m12) Management Trajectories Bird Population Population Goal Beginning Condition Management Strategy m10 m09 m11 m12 Random Management Walk Cost Criteria Maximize conservation benefit Minimize costs Conservation Benefit Design Principles 1) produce maximum benefit with the most efficient combination of resources. (universal) Restoration Costs Landscape to Landscape Variation in Beginning Condition Bird Population Population Goal Cost Cost Beginning Condition Beginning Condition Landscape 1 Landscape 2 Maintenance Costs Attaining vs Sustaining Goals Landscape Equilibrium Maintenance Costs Maintenance Costs Attaining vs Sustaining Goals Landscape Equilibrium Restoration Cost Attaining vs Sustaining Goals Long term Maintenance Costs Design Principles 1) produce maximum benefit with the most efficient combination of resources. 2) consider both restoration and long-term maintenance costs. General Management Framework Resource Constraints Single Species Systems Multiple Species Systems Management Potential/Constraints Total Land Lost to system (e.g. urbanization) Natural constraints (e.g. wetlands) Use constraints (e.g. cemeteries, monuments) Open to Management Management Limits Bird Population Absolute Management Limit Total Area – Losses and Constraints Practical Management Limit Beginning Condition Management Limits Population Goal Achievable (within management limits) Bird Population Absolute Management Limit Practical Management Limit Population Goal Beginning Condition Management Limits Population Goal not Achievable (exceeds management limits) Bird Population Absolute Management Limit Population Goal Practical Management Limit Beginning Condition General Management Framework Resource Constraints Single Species Systems Multiple Species Systems Protecting Land for Bald Eagles in the lower Chesapeake Bay What is our objective (goal)? Protect land for 120 pairs What management tools should we use? Acquisition What resources are available to us? To be determined What criteria are we going to use to evaluate strategy? Maximize benefit, minimize cost Bald Eagle Working Area Bald Eagle Habitat Suitability Model (Chesapeake Bay) Distribution Constraints No Is site within 3 km of 250 m channel? Yes No Is there < 5 houses within 200 m? Yes Unsuitable Is there < 10 houses within 400 m? No Yes Is there forest cover within 200 m? No Habitat Quality Rating Yes 100 Very Good Discriminant Function Model Results 67 Good 34 Acceptable 21 0 Questionable Bald Eagle Habitat Projection Bald Eagle Management Limits 665,079 ha 51% Total Land Lost to system (e.g. urbanization) 326,419 ha 22% Natural constraints (e.g. wetlands) 181,601 ha ?% Use constraints (e.g. cemeteries, monuments) 181,601 ha Open to Management Salinity Gradient (Lower Chesapeake Bay) Breeding Density (Pairs/10 km Shoreline) Bald Eagle Breeding Density by Salinity 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 Tidal Fresh Oligohaline 0.0 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Survey Year Mesohaline Polyhaline Breeding Density (Pairs/10 km shoreline) BALD EAGLE BREEDING DENSITY BY SALINITY 3.6 A A 3.0 2.4 B 1.8 B 1.2 0.6 0.0 TF OH Salinity Zone MH PH Mean+SD Mean-SD Mean+SE Mean-SE Mean H2 (Salinity > 1 ppt) Eagle Benefit Salinity and Eagle Benefit/Unit Area Eagle Benefit H1 (Salinity < 1 ppt) Management Limits Population Goal Achievable (within management limits) Bird Population 660 Practical Management Limit Protection Goal 200 (80 achieved) Beginning Condition Land Acquisition Cost Benefit by Jurisdiction Cost per Hectare (dollars X 100,000) 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 Benefit (potential eagle territories) 50 60 Bald Eagle Protection Opportunities Cost of Land Protection for Bald Eagles Accumulated Cost (millions of dollars) 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 Price Tag 200 0 0 100 200 300 Pairs Protected 400 500 General Management Framework Resource Constraints Single Species Systems Multiple Species Systems Species Suites and Habitats Sp1 Sp2 Sp3 Sp4 Habitat 1 Sp5 Sp6 Sp1 Sp2 Sp3 Sp4 Habitat 4 Management Potential/Constraints Total Land Lost to system (e.g. urbanization) Natural constraints (e.g. wetlands) Use constraints (e.g. cemeteries, monuments) Open to Management Land Requirements for Suite Land Requirements Sp3 Population Goal Sp5 Population Goal Sp6 Population Goal Sp1 Population Goal Sp2 Population Goal Sp4 Population Goal Management Limits Collective Land Requirement Population Goals Achievable (within management limits) Absolute Management Limit Practical Management Limit Collective Land Requirement (H1 + H2…) Beginning Condition Management Limits Collective Land Requirement Population Goals not Achievable (exceed management limits) Absolute Management Limit Collective Land Requirement (H1 + H2…) Practical Management Limit Beginning Condition Sp1 Density Land Requirement (Sp2) Opportunity Cost Opportunity Cost H1 H2 H1 > H2 Land Requirement (Sp1) Design Principles 1) produce maximum benefit with the most efficient combination of resources. 2) consider both restoration and long-term maintenance costs. 3) under land constraints manage for high-quality habitats. Colonial National Historical Park 3,403 ha Improve Colonial NHP for Early Successional Species What is our objective (goal)? Support 500 GHSP, 500 FISP What management tools should we use? Land Conversion, Management What resources are available to us? To be determined What criteria are we going to use to evaluate strategy? Maximize benefit, minimize cost SUCCESSIONAL GRADIENT Grassland 1-3 yr Transitional Shrubland 3-5 yr DISTURBANCE INTERVAL 5-8 yr HABITAT USE BIRD SUITES 8 Mean Density (Birds/ha) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Grassland Transitional Shrubland Habitat Type Grasshopper Sparrow Eastern Meadowlark Field Sparrow Common Yellowthroat Prairie Warbler Yellow-breasted Chat Indigo Bunting Blue Grosbeak GRASS SHRUB A R E A S E N S IT IV IT Y 4 .0 3 .5 3 .0 2 .5 Density(birds/ha) 2 .0 1 .5 1 .0 0 .5 0 .0 G r a s s h o p p e r -0 .5 1 3 1 0 P a tc hS iz e(h a ) > 3 0 F ie ld Early Successional Management Limits 3,403 ha Total Land Lost to system (e.g. urbanization) 1.5% 3,350 ha 87.3% Natural constraints (e.g. wetlands) 380 ha 3.3% 266 ha Use constraints (e.g. cemeteries, monuments) Open to Management Patch Size Distribution 20 FISP 18 ??? 16 Frequency (N) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Patch Size (ha) 21 24 27 30 Management Limits Collective Land Requirement Population Goals not Achievable (exceed management limits) Collective Land Requirement (H1 + H2…) 266 ha Practical Management Limit Beginning Condition Allocation Options 800 600 Land Budget GHSP ??? 400 FISP Projected Maintenance Costs for Management Scenarios 500000 Cost (dollars) 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Year 7 8 9 10 Current Grasshopper Field Allocation Options 800 600 Land Budget GHSP ??? 400 FISP Two-pronged Approach to Bridging Disconnect Regional Conservation Goals Scaling down regional goals to the management of land parcels Orchestrating local actions to achieve regional goals Local Conservation Actions FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS What is our objective (goal)? What management tools should we use? What resources are available to us? What criteria are we going to use to evaluate strategy? Species Tradeoffs – Integration Across Scales Benefit Wintering Species Local Patch Migrating Species Region Continental Cost Integration Integration Breeding Species Design Principles 1) produce maximum benefit with the most efficient combination of resources. 2) consider both restoration and long-term maintenance costs. 3) under land constraints manage for high-quality habitats. Needs 1) prioritize species tradeoffs. 2) integration of information across spatial scales.