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Introduction to Biology-1 • Remember: – An independent variable is the variable that YOU have control over – A dependent variable is the variable that RESPONDS to what you do. – A control group is the group that does not receive the treatment. • Read the scenario. – What is the independent variable? – What is the dependent variable? – What would be a good control group? – What conclusion could the students make based on the results? • A group of students hypothesize that the amount of alcohol produced in fermentation depends on the amount of glucose supplied to the yeast. They want to use 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% glucose solutions. These are the data: % Glucose Amt of alcohol (μl) 5 1 10 13 15 24 20 30 25 39 30 44 Introduction to Biology • Remember: – An independent variable is the variable that YOU have control over – A dependent variable is the variable that RESPONDS to what you do. – A control group is the group that does not receive the treatment. • Read the scenario. – What is the independent variable? – What is the dependent variable? – What would be a good control group? 0% glucose – What conclusion could the students make based on the results? more alcohol is produced at higher glucose concentrations • A group of students hypothesize that the amount of alcohol produced in fermentation depends on the amount of glucose supplied to the yeast. They want to use 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% glucose solutions. These are the data: % Glucose Amt of alcohol (μl) 5 1 10 13 15 24 20 30 25 39 30 44 Characteristics of Life-2 • Read the scenario and, on your answer sheet, underline all of the characteristics of life that the organism shows. • Sharks have many sub-species. This is a result of them evolving over time to fill an available niche. Although sharks do not have bones, they are made of cartilage. They are a multi-celled organism. They reproduce and give birth to live young. They are carnivorous, feeding only on meat. Most sharks are cold-blooded, although a few species are warm-blooded. For both, it is vital that they maintain homeostasis. Characteristics of Life • Read the scenario and, on your answer sheet, underline all of the characteristics of life that the organism shows. • Sharks have many sub-species. This is a result of them evolving over time to fill an available niche. Although sharks do not have bones, they are made of cartilage. They are a multi-celled organism. They reproduce and give birth to live young. They are carnivorous, feeding only on meat. Most sharks are cold-blooded, although a few species are warm-blooded. For both, it is vital that they maintain homeostasis. Food Chains and Food Webs-3 • Identify a food chain in the food web with four organisms. Write it down. • Label the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer. • How much energy is transferred between each trophic level? • What is the difference between a food web and a food chain? Food Chains and Food Webs • Identify a food chain in the food web with four organisms. Write it down. • Plant (P) Grasshopper (1st C)frog (2nd C) owl (3rd C) • Label the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer. • How much energy is transferred between each trophic level? 10% moves up • What is the difference between a food web and a food chain? More complex and realistic Carbon Cycle-4 • Examine the picture below. Answer the questions that follow. • How does carbon enter the food chain? • What two ways are humans negatively impacting the carbon cycle? – – • How are nutrient cycles different from energy? Carbon Cycle • Examine the picture below. Answer the questions that follow. • How does carbon enter the food chain? • CO2 picked up by plants • What two ways are humans negatively impacting the carbon cycle? – burning FF – deforestation • How are nutrient cycles different from energy? • Matter cycles energy travels in one direction Water Cycle-5 • Examine the picture below. Answer the questions that follow • Record the five steps of the water cycle. • What is it called when water evaporates from living tissue? Water Cycle-5 • Examine the picture below. Answer the questions that follow • Record the five steps of the water cycle. – – – – – Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Runoff infiltration • What is it called when water evaporates from living plants? – transpiration Nitrogen Cycle-6 • Examine the picture. Answer the questions that follow. • What organism is responsible for fixing nitrogen so that it is usable by plants? • How do consumers get their nitrogen? • How is nitrogen returned to the soil? Nitrogen Cycle • Examine the picture. Answer the questions that follow. • What organism is responsible for fixing nitrogen so that it is usable by plants? • bacteria • How do consumers get their nitrogen? • Eat someone • How is nitrogen returned to the soil? • Decomposition or N fixation Levels of Organization-7 • Examine the picture below. Answer the questions that follow. • Identify and DEFINE the levels of organization. • What is a biotic factor? – List four biotic factors from the picture. • What is an abiotic factor? – List four abiotic factors from the picture (may be inferences). Levels of Organization • Species-able to reproduce & produce fertile offspring • Population- same species same area • Community- many populations in same area • Ecosystem- area including both the biotic and abiotic factors (biome= specific ecosystem) • Biosphere-all of planet tha supports life • biotic factor? • Living or formerly living – – – – Populations Food Waste mates • abiotic factor? • Nonliving but needed for living things – – – – Air Water Space temperature Population Growth-8 • What kind of growth is in the graph below? • What must be true for this type of growth to occur? • What kind of growth is in the graph below? • What does the line “K” represent? • What causes “K” to occur? – What are some examples? Population Growth • Exponential or J curve • NO limiting factors • Logistic or S curve • K= carrying capacity • Environmental pressures limiting factors – Food – Water – space Density Dependent versus Independent-9 TORNADO • Examine the pictures and place them under the appropriate categories. FOOD SPACE DISEASE FIRE COMPETITION PREDATION Density Dependent versus Independent Density dependent • Food competition • Predation • Disease • space FOOD Density independent • Storms • fire TORNADO SPACE DISEASE FIRE COMPETITION PREDATION Types of Competition-10 • What is the difference between interspecific competition and intraspecific competition? • Which picture shows which type of competition? Types of Competition • interspecific competition between different species • intraspecific competition between same species • Which picture shows which type of competition? intraspecific competition interspecific competition Symbiosis-11 • What is symbiosis? • The picture below shows mutualism. WHY? • The picture below is an example of commensalism. What does this mean? • This tick is feeding off of a dog. What is this an example of? Symbiosis • Symbiosis is when two different species live closely together • in mutualism both benefit • In commensalism one benefits and the other is not harmed or helped • This tick is feeding off of a dog. • Parasitism Succession -12 • Primary Succession – Write down the steps of primary succession. – What is the purpose of lichen in primary succession? • Primary Succession Succession – Bare rock is exposed – Pioneer species like moss or lichen grow on rock making soil – Grasses come in – Shrubs come in and are slowly replaced by trees and a then a mature climax community – Lichen is a fungi algae & mutualist that can grow on rock and help form soil Succession-13 • Secondary Succession – Write down the steps of secondary succession. – How is secondary succession different from primary succession? • Secondary Succession Succession – Something happens to an area disrupting and destroying the living things but leaving soil – Grasses and small plants come in – Larger plants shrubs and fast growing trees come in as do more animals – A mature, climax community develops – Secondary succession starts with soil while primary succession starts with bare rock Succession-14 • Which type of succession will happen faster? – Why? • Using the pictures below, which natural disaster would cause primary succession to occur? • Using the pictures below, which disasters would cause secondary succession to occur? Clear Cutting (deforestation) Forest Fire Volcanic Eruption Succession • Secondary succession occurs faster because soil is already present (soil takes a looooong time to form) • Primary succession would occur after a volcanic eruption • Secondary succession would occur after a fire or clear cutting Clear Cutting (deforestation) Forest Fire Volcanic Eruption Threats to Biodiversity-15 • Biomagnification – Biomagnification is the build up of a persistent toxin within a food chain. – Summarize the picture – Who is most affected? Threats to Biodiversity • Biomagnification – Biomagnification is the build up of a persistent toxin within a food chain. – As the toxin moves up the food chain it becomes more and more concentrated – So, the top predator received the most poison Threats to Biodiversity-16 • Is the greenhouse effect a good thing or a bad thing? Why? • Is global warming a good thing or a bad thing? Why? • Why is global warming a concern? What are humans doing that may cause this to occur? Threats to Biodiversity • The greenhouse effect a good thing because it keeps our planet warm • Global warming may be bad thing and it may be happening faster than normal • Rising sea levels, changing habitats • Burning of fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas Desert-17 • Very hot • Dry • Vegetation includes cacti • Record the desert characteristics on your paper. • Think of two ways an animal might adapt to the desert biome? • Think of two ways a plant (such as a cactus) might adapt to the desert biome? Desert • Very hot • Dry • Vegetation includes cacti • animals • Conserve water by little waste • Being nocturnal • plants • Waxy coating to decrease water loss • Spongy inner tissue to store water Temperate Deciduous Forest-18 • Our biome! • Four seasons • Deciduous and coniferous trees • animal • Hibernate when it is cold • Shed in summer, grow a thick coat in winter • Plant • Lose leaves to save energy in winter with less sunlight • Broad leaves to catch lots of light during summer Temperate Deciduous Forest • Our biome! • Four seasons • Deciduous and coniferous trees • Record the biome’s characteristics on your paper. • Think of two ways an animal may adapt to this biome. • Think of two ways a plant may adapt to this biome. Tropical Rainforest-19 • Humid • Wet • Has the most biodiversity! • Being torn down all the time! • Record the biome’s characteristics on your paper. • What does biodiversity mean? • Why is biodiversity so important to humans? Tropical Rainforest • Humid • Wet • Has the most biodiversity! • Rapidly being destroyed! Biodiversity is a variety of living organisms in an area Biodiversity is important because of the beauty, and value of the living organisms for food, medicine and resources Tundra-20 • • • • Cold, harsh winters Little precipitation Layer of permafrost Vegetation cannot grow very tall. • What kind of animal (ex: reptile, mammal, etc.) can live here? – Why? • Why do you think many of these animals are white? • Why do you think vegetation cannot get very tall? Tundra • Cold, harsh winters • Layer of permafrost • Vegetation cannot grow very tall. • Animals that can live here are tolerant of cold artic fox or have short lifecycles mosquitos • They may migrate to warmer areas, too elk • White fur or feathers acts as camouflage • There is too little soil and water for many plants to grow tall so there are only short plants