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Environment Ecology Huang He Phone: 18972127775 QQ:105367750 E-mail: [email protected] PPT模板下载:www.1ppt.com/moban/ 节日PPT模板:www.1ppt.com/jieri/ PPT背景图片:www.1ppt.com/beijing/ 优秀PPT下载:www.1ppt.com/xiazai/ Word教程: www.1ppt.com/word/ 资料下载:www.1ppt.com/ziliao/ 范文下载:www.1ppt.com/fanwen/ 教案下载:www.1ppt.com/jiaoan/ 2017/5/22 行业PPT模板:www.1ppt.com/hangye/ PPT素材下载:www.1ppt.com/sucai/ PPT图表下载:www.1ppt.com/tubiao/ PPT教程: www.1ppt.com/powerpoint/ Excel教程:www.1ppt.com/excel/ PPT课件下载:www.1ppt.com/kejian/ 试卷下载:www.1ppt.com/shiti/ 1 Course information Textbook: The economy of nature,6 th ed,Robert E. Ricklefs, 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company; General Ecology, 2th ed., David T. Krohne. Thomson Learning, Inc. ISBN 0-534-37528-6; Ecology : Concepts and Applications ,4th ed McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ; Ecology :From Individuals to Ecosystems, 4th ed published 2006, Blackwell Publishing; 《环境生态学导论》,盛连喜 主编.高等教育出版社, 2005 3 2017/5/22 College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering 2 Huang He Course Description Credit Hours (Credit points): 2 credit hours Catalog Description: Fundamental ecological principles(原理)with special reference to levels of organization, population(种群) and community properties, structural adaptation, functional adjustments, and other factors affecting the distribution of organisms. Course Objectives: This course is designed to present an introduction to current theories and practices in ecology. Students are introduced 1) to the various questions (in a broad sense) asked by ecologists, 2) to the ideas (theories, models) from which hypotheses are suggested to answer the questions, and 3) to the ways in which ecologists go about gathering data to refute or support the proposed hypotheses. 2017/5/22 3 Attendance Required for both lecture and seminar 1 point for each absence (lecture) 2017/5/22 4 Grading policy The overall grade for the course will be based on the standard Yangtze University point-to-grade scale. The distribution of points is: Exams: 50% Paper: 30% Presentation: 10% Attendance: 10% 2017/5/22 5 Homework, Exam, Paper and summary 2017/5/22 6 Outline of the course Lecture 1 Introduction Lecture 2: Adaptation to Physical Environment: Water and Nutrients Lecture 3: Population Growth and Regulation Lecture 4: Species Interaction Lecture 5: The Distribution and Spatial Structure of Populations Lecture 6: Competition Lecture 7: Dynamics of Consumer-Resource Interactions Lecture 8: Community Structure Lecture 9: Diversity Lecture 10: Ecological Succession and Community Development Lecture 11: Ecosystem Ecology (Energy in the Ecosystem) Lecture 12: Pathways of Elements in Ecosystems Lecture 13: Nutrient Regeneration in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems Lecture14: Human Ecology (Global Climate Change) 2017/5/22 7 Lecture 1 Introduction 0.1 What is ecology? 0.2 Why do we need to study Ecology? 0.3 How to study ecology? 0.4 The nature of Ecology 2017/5/22 8 0.1 What is Ecology ? Ecology: ~ Greek word oikos (family household) (住所,栖息 地) +logy (study of) (学问,研究) The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments. Ernst Haeckel, 1866 The study of the relationships, distribution, and abundance of organisms, or groups of organisms, in an environment. S.I. Dodson, 1998 2017/5/22 9 0.1 What is Ecology ? •Traditional ecology: •Organism、Population、Community、Ecosystem •Modern ecology: •Molecular、Individual、Population、Community、 Ecosystem、Landscape、Biosphere、earth system。 2017/5/22 10 Traditional Ecology •Individual ecology——environment, adaptation •Population ecology——abundance, population dynamics •Community ecology——components, structure, ecological processes •Ecosystem ecology——food web, nutrient cycling, energy flow 2017/5/22 11 Formation and Development of Ecology •1. The rudimentary stage (before 16th century ) •2. The constructing stage (16th-19th century ) •3. The consolidation stage(from the beginningof 20th century to 1950s) •4. The modern stage(from 1960s up to now) 2017/5/22 12 The modern ecology (from 1960s up to now) •(1) Level of research • From Molecular to biosphere and earth system •(2)Field of research •From nature to human society •(3)Method of research •Molecular technique, “3S”technique 2017/5/22 13 Ecology - A Science for Today We have a great need for ecological understanding: what are the best policies for managing our environmental support systems -- our watersheds(流域), agricultural lands, wetlands? We must apply ecological principles(原理) to: solve or prevent environmental problems inform our economic, political, and social thought and practice 2017/5/22 14 What is Ecology NOT? Environmental Science (i.e., the study of man's effect on natural systems) Environmentalism(环境保护论) (activism, aim to improving the environment). Resource management Wildlife Fisheries Soil Resources Forestry 2017/5/22 15 0.2 Why study Ecology? Intellectual curiosity(好奇心)(explain phenomena) Ecology has important impacts on everyone's daily lives Ecosystem services and goods Huge impact of humans on global ecosystems--ecology holds key to predicting our future. to understand some of the natural laws that impose limitations on the interaction of organisms (including humans) with their living and nonliving environment. 2017/5/22 16 Global Environmental Issues Global Warming 2017/5/22 Deforestation(森林砍伐) 17 2017/5/22 18 2017/5/22 19 0.3 How to study ecology? How Scientists Work: Solving the Problems Much of scientists deal with solving problems These problems can be environmental, ecological, health related, etc. No matter what types of problems are being studied, scientists use the same problem-solving steps called… The Scientific Method 20 Scientific Method Definition The scientific method is A logical and systematic approach or process to problem solving. An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world. According to Wikipedia - Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning, the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses. 2017/5/22 21 Scientific Method 1. Make observations. 2. Generate a question (s) 3. Generate a hypothesis (tentative试验性的, 试探的, 尝试的, 暂定的 answer) - formulate a testable prediction 4. Design an experiment to test the prediction 5. Collect and Record Data 6. Analyze Data 7. Draw Conclusions 8. Accept or reject hypothesis. (Not “prove”) 9. Start again 22 The Scientific Method 23 For Example: Productivity(生产力) and nutrient (N) in prairie (大草原, 牧场,(特指美国中西部的)大草原)grasslands(牧草地, 草 原)of North America Observation and Hypothesis Data collection, Test 24 (observational, laboratory and field experiments, modeling) Field experiment experiments have some elements in common: Treatment Groups: nitrogen, irrigation; number of species etc Control Groups: no N applied Randomization: randomly assign a treatment to a plot(一 块土地) Replication: several plots for same treatment. Cedar Creek LTER site, Uni. Of Minnesota (Fig. 1.3) 25 Estimation and prediction Models: Abstract(抽象化), simplified (简化) representations(表现形式) of real systems. Conceptual model and mathematical model Use mathematical model to estimate and predict. 26 A conceptual model is a model made of the composition of concepts, which are used to help people know, understand, or simulate a subject the model represents. Some models are physical objects; for example, a toy model which may be assembled, and may be made to work like the object it represents 2017/5/22 27 A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used not only in the natural sciences (such as physics, biology, earth science, meteorology) and engineering disciplines (e.g. computer science, artificial intelligence), but also in the social sciences (such as economics, psychology, sociology and political science); physicists, engineers, statisticians, operations research analysts and economists use mathematical models most extensively. A model may help to explain a system and to study the effects of different components, and to make predictions about behaviour. 2017/5/22 28 An example, Ecology of Forest Birds: Using field study to test theory (what allows them to co-exist?) Robert MacArthur: competition (1958) 29 30 Douglass Morse (1980, 1989): 31 Are there any limitations to science? Science is Self-Correcting Science is limited by the ability of the scientists to collect and interpret data. New technology makes it possible for science to correct misinterpreted data. Uncertainty is an inherent feature of science 32 0.4 The nature of Ecology 1.1 Ecology is organized into a hierarchical(分等级的) group of subdisciplines (branches) 1.2 Hierarchical Organization and emergent Properties 1.3 Ecology is especially interdisciplinary. 33 1.1 Ecology is organized into a hierarchical group of subdisciplines Individuals - living organisms, fundamental units of populations and communities Populations - group of individuals of a species Communities - an assemblages of species populations occurring together in space and time Ecosystems - a collection of two related components (biotic and abiotic) that function as a unit. 34 Ecosystem Consists of two basic interacting components: The living, or biotic The Physical, or abiotic An example A forest ecosystem Biotic: plants, animals, microbes that inhabit the forest Abiotic: atmosphere, climate, soil, and water Interaction: tree growths modify physical environment. Birds foraging on insects reduce insects and species abundance and composition. 35 Each ecological system embodies different processes 36 Ecology of individuals Individual organism forms the basic unit in ecology. It is the individual that responds to the environment. Behavioral ecology is the study of how behavior of individuals affects their ability to survive and reproduce. Since a population is composed of individuals behavior directly impacts population level phenomena, such as population growth rate Physiological Ecology (or Autecology个体生态学) is the study of how physical factors, such at temperature, moisture, and light, affect the survival and reproduction of individual organisms Evolution Ecology is the study of environment influence on the evolution of organisms. Natural selection, evolution of populations. 37 Ecology of group of individuals Population ecology is the study of how groups of individuals (belonging to the same species) grow (or shrink) and reproduce. Depending on the nature of the species, many factors (food availability, competition, predation etc.) may affect population growth. Community ecology is the study of how populations from different species interact to mutually affect each population's growth and survival. Community structure and dynamics. Landscape ecology – study spatial patterns and underlying mechanisms (patches in landscape, fragmented landscape, corridors). Ecosystem ecology is the study of whole living systems, with focus on the flow of energy and biomass in large scale living systems. Conservation ecology, restoration ecology, and global ecology. 38 39 1.2 Hierarchical Organization and Emergent Properties Emergent Properties: the set of phenomena that can be explained only by looking at a particular hierarchical level e.g.: is the growth of an individual the same as that in a group of many (population)? The principle is a more formal statement of “the whole is more (or less) than the sum of the parts”. Scaling 40 1.3 Ecology is especially interdisciplinary 41 Question •1.What’s the concept of ecology? •2.What’s the contents of traditional ecology? •3.What’s the difference between traditional ecology and modern ecology? 2017/5/22 42 2017/5/22 43