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Community Ecology: Structure,
Species Interactions, Succession,
and Sustainability
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
13th Edition
Chapter 8
Dr. Richard Clements
Chattanooga State Technical Community College
Key Concepts
Community structure
Roles of species
Species interactions
Changes in ecosystems
Stability of ecosystems
Community Structure: Appearance
and Species Diversity
Fig. 8-2
p. 166
Stratification
Species diversity
Species richness
Niche structure
Edge effects
Biodiversity
Latitude
Ants
Birds
Depth
Pollution
Fig. 8-3 p. 167
Theory of island biogeography
General Types of Species
Native
Non-native (exotic or alien)
Indicator
Keystone
Species Interactions: Competition
Intraspecific competition
Interspecific competition
Interference competition
Exploitation competition
Competitive exclusion principle
Resource partitioning
Resource Partitioning
Fig. 8-9 p. 175; Refer to Fig. 7-13 p. 152 & Fig. 8-10 p. 175
Species Interactions: Predation
Predator
Prey
Prey acquisition
Predator Avoidance
Refer to Fig. 8-11 p. 177
Symbiotic Species Interactions:
Parasitism
Parasite
Host
Endoparasites
Ectoparasites
Symbiotic Species Interactions:
Mutualism
Reproductive mutualism: pollination
Nutritional mutualism
Nutritional/protection mutualism
Fig. 8-12 p. 179
Symbiotic Species Interactions:
Commensalism
 Indirect: i.e., small
plants growing in
shade of larger plants
 Direct: i.e., epiphytes,
remoras
Fig. 8-13 p. 180
Ecological Succession:
Communities in Transition
Primary succession
Secondary succession
Pioneer species
Successional species
Primary Succession
Fig. 8-14 p. 180
Secondary Succession
Fig. 8-15 p. 181
Succession and Wildlife
Fig. 8-16 p. 182
The Rate of Succession
Facilitation
Inhibition
Tolerance
Refer to Table 8-1 p. 182
Ecological Stability and Sustainability
Disturbance
Climax community
Inertia
Refer to Table 8-2 p. 193
Constancy
Resilience
Precautionary principle