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Chapter 11 Motion Motion Motion- Change in position when compared to a reference point or frame of reference Reference Point - stationary (non-moving) object Measurements of motion: Distance – how far you traveled. Distance measures the path taken. Measure the length of the path. Usually we measure in meters. - Displacement – the change of an objects position. Speed Speed - Distance traveled divided by the time it took to move that distance. - constant speed – speed that does not change. -average speed – total distance divided by total time equation to find speed: Speed = Distance / Time Velocity Velocity - measurement that describes both speed and direction. - equation to find velocity: velocity(v) = distance/time and direction Velocity ex. The swimmer swam 110m towards the shore in 72 sec. What is the swimmers velocity? Try it! Determine which are measurements of speed and which are measurements of velocity: a. 6 mi/hr b. 3 m/sec N c. 16 km/h down the street d. 9 km/h Acceleration Acceleration - change in velocity during a time interval. * any change in velocity causes a change in acceleration! Acceleration - increasing velocity = positive acceleration - decreasing velocity = negative acceleration (deceleration) Acceleration Equation - equation to find acceleration: final velocity - initial velocity change in time Acceleration Ex. Flowerpot falls off a ledge. It hits the ground in 1.5 sec. w/a velocity of 14.7 m/sec. Find the acceleration. Different arrangements of the acceleration equation: t = vf – vi a - time: - final velocity: vf= at +vi - initial velocity: vi= vf - at Forces Force – Any push or pull that can cause a change in motion. 4 Fundamental Forces: - gravity - electromagnetic force - strong nuclear force - weak nuclear force Net force – all the forces acting on an object Balanced forces – net force equal to zero - no change in motion Unbalanced forces – net forces does not equal zero - change in motion Friction Friction - a force between two objects in contact with each other. Usually oppose the motion of objects Can be both negative and positive -reduce friction: by adding a barrier between the two surfaces. Ex. Oil, grease, water Two types of friction: Static friction - The force that resists the beginning change in motion Kinetic friction - The force that opposes the movement of the two objects moving over each other Kinetic Friction There are three types of kinetic friction 1. Sliding friction When 2 objects slide over each other -two factors that affect sliding friction - mass -surface texture Ex. Walking, sliding, skiing 2. Fluid friction When matter flows over an object slowing it down Ex. Airplane, frisbee, rowing a boat 3. Rolling friction When two objects roll over each other -less friction with rolling because there is less surface area touching Ex. Roller skating, ball rolling on floor