Download Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion Chapter 19

Chapter 19
Matter in Motion
Preview
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes Motion
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Concept Mapping
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Bellringer
Write a formal description in your science journal
of your position in the classroom using a reference
point and a set of reference directions. For example,
you might say, “I sit three desks behind Ahmed’s
desk,” or “I sit 2 m east of the vent hood and 10 m
north of the emergency shower.” Then, write a
similar description for your home, and for an object
in your room.
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Objectives
• Describe the motion of an object by the position of
the object in relation to a reference point.
• Identify the two factors that determine speed.
• Explain the difference between speed and velocity.
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Objectives, continued
• Analyze the relationship between velocity and
acceleration.
• Demonstrate that changes in motion can be
measured and represented on a graph.
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Observing Motion by Using a Reference Point
• Motion is an object’s change in position relative to
another object, or reference point. The object that
appears to stay in place is called a reference point.
• The direction of an object’s motion can be described
with a reference direction, such as north, south, east,
west, up, or down.
• Common Reference Points The Earth’s surface is a
common reference point for determining motion.
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Motion
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Speed Depends on Distance and Time
• Speed is the distance traveled by an object divided
by the time taken to travel that distance.
• The SI unit for speed is meters per second (m/s).
Kilometers per hour (km/h), feet per second (ft/s), and
miles per hour (mi/h) are other units commonly used
to express speed.
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Speed Depends on Distance and Time, continued
• Determining Average Speed Average speed equals
the total distance divided by the total time.
average speed =
total distance
total time
• Recognizing Speed on a Graph Speed can be
shown on a graph of distance versus time, as shown
on the next slide.
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Velocity: Direction Matters
• The speed of an object in a particular direction is
called velocity.
• Speed and velocity are two different terms with two
different meanings. Velocity must include a reference
direction.
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Velocity: Direction Matters, continued
• Changing Velocity You can think of velocity as
the rate of change of an object’s position. An object’s
velocity is constant only if its speed and direction
don’t change.
• Combining Velocities You can combine different
velocities to find the resultant velocity. The next slide
shows how you can combine velocities to find the
resultant velocity.
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Acceleration
• The rate at which velocity changes over time is called
acceleration. An object accelerates if its speed, or
direction, or both change.
• An increase in velocity is commonly called positive
acceleration. A decrease in velocity is commonly called
negative acceleration, or deceleration.
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Acceleration, continued
• Calculating Average Acceleration You can find
average acceleration by using the equation:
average acceleration =
final velocity  starting velocity
time it takes to change velocity
• Velocity is expressed in meters per second (m/s),
and time is expressed in seconds (s). So acceleration
is expressed in meters per second per second, or
(m/s)/s, which equals m/s2.
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Acceleration, continued
• Recognizing Acceleration on a Graph Acceleration
can be shown on a graph of velocity versus time.
Chapter 19
Section 1 Measuring Motion
Acceleration, continued
• Circular Motion: Continuous Acceleration An
object traveling in a circular motion is always changing
its direction. Therefore, its velocity is always changing,
so it is accelerating.
• The acceleration that occurs in circular motion is
known as centripetal acceleration.
Chapter 19
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Bellringer
Look around the room and think about the objects
you see in terms of force. A force is always exerted
by one object on another object. Then, answer the
following questions in your science journal:
Where do you see a force happening in the room
right now? Which object is exerting the force, and
which is receiving it?
Chapter 19
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Objectives
• Describe forces, and explain how forces act on
objects.
• Determine the net force when more than one force is
acting on an object.
• Compare balanced and unbalanced forces.
• Describe ways that unbalanced forces cause
changes in motion.
Chapter 19
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Forces Acting on Objects
• In science, a force is simply a push or a pull exerted
on an object in order to change the motion of the
object. All forces have both size and direction.
• A force can change the acceleration of an object.
This acceleration can be a change in the speed or
direction of the object.
• Scientists express force using a unit called the
newton (N).
Chapter 19
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Forces Acting on Objects, continued
• Unseen Sources and Receivers of Forces It is not
always easy to tell what is exerting a force or what is
receiving a force. For example, you cannot see what
exerts the force that pulls magnets to refrigerators.
• You cannot see that the air around you is held near
Earth’s surface by a force called gravity.
Chapter 19
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Determining Net Force
• Usually, more than one force is acting on an object.
The net force is the combination all of the forces
acting on an object.
• Determining net force depends on the directions of
the forces.
Chapter 19
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Determining Net Force, continued
• Forces in the Same Direction Two forces are
added to determine the net force if the forces act in
the same direction. The net force will be in the same
direction as the individual forces.
• Forces in Different Directions If forces are acting
in opposite directions, the net force can be found by
subtracting the smaller force from the larger one.
Chapter 19
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Chapter 19
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
• Balanced Forces When the forces on an object
produce a net force of 0 N, the forces are balanced.
• Balanced forces will not cause a change in the motion
of a moving object. Balanced forces do not cause a
nonmoving object to start moving.
Chapter 19
Section 2 What Is a Force?
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces, continued
• Unbalanced Forces When the net force on an
object is not 0 N, the forces on the object are
unbalanced.
• Unbalanced forces produce a change in motion,
such as a change in speed or a change in direction.
Unbalanced forces are necessary to cause a nonmoving object to start moving, or to change the
motion of moving objects.
Chapter 19
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes
Motion
Bellringer
Answer the following questions in your science
journal:
When was the last time you fell down? How
did it happen? Suppose you and a younger sister
or brother are at a neighborhood pool. Your sister
or brother asks why there are signs that say
“NO RUNNING.” What would be your answer?
Where else do you see such cautionary signs?
Chapter 19
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes
Motion
Objectives
• Explain why friction occurs.
• List the two types of friction,and give examples of
each type.
• Explain how friction can be both harmful and helpful.
Chapter 19
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes
Motion
The Source of Friction
• Friction is a force that opposes motion between two
surfaces that are in contact.
• Friction occurs because the surface of any object is
rough. Even surfaces that feel smooth are covered
with microscopic hills and valleys.
Chapter 19
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes
Motion
The Source of Friction, continued
• When two surfaces are in contact, the microscopic
hills and valleys of one surface stick to the tiny hills
and valleys of the other surface. This contact causes
friction.
Chapter 19
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes
Motion
The Source of Friction, continued
• The Effect of Force on Friction The amount of
friction depends on the force pushing the surfaces
together. If this force increases, the hills and valleys
of the surfaces can come into closer contact.
• The close contact increases the friction between the
surfaces. Objects that weigh less exert less downward
force than objects that weigh more, as shown on the
next slide.
Chapter 19
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes
Motion
Chapter 19
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes
Motion
The Source of Friction, continued
• The Effect of Rougher Surfaces on Friction
Rough surfaces have more microscopic hills and
valleys than smooth surfaces do.
• So, the rougher the surface is, the greater the
friction is.
Chapter 19
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes
Motion
Types of Friction
• Kinetic Friction The word kinetic means “moving.”
So, kinetic friction is friction between moving surfaces.
• The amount of kinetic friction between two surfaces
depends in part on how the surfaces move. Surfaces
can slide past each other, or a surface can roll over
another surface.
Chapter 19
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes
Motion
Types of Friction, continued
• Usually, the force of sliding kinetic friction is greater
than the force of rolling kinetic friction. It is usually
easier to move objects on wheels than to slide the
objects along the floor, as shown below.
Chapter 19
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes
Motion
Types of Friction, continued
• Static Friction When a force is applied to an object
but does not cause the object to move, static friction
occurs.
• The word static means “not moving.” The object does
not move because the force of static friction balances
the force applied.
• Static friction disappears as soon as an object starts
moving, and then kinetic friction immediately occurs.
Chapter 19
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes
Motion
Chapter 19
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes
Motion
Friction: Harmful and Helpful
• Without friction, a car’s tires could not push against
the ground to move the car forward, and the brakes
could not stop the car. Without friction, a car is useless.
• However, friction can also cause problems in a car.
Friction between moving engine parts increases their
temperature and causes the parts to wear down.
• Friction can be both harmful and helpful, so it may be
necessary to decrease or increase friction.
Chapter 19
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes
Motion
Friction: Harmful and Helpful, continued
• Some Ways to Reduce Friction One way to reduce
friction is to use lubricants. Lubricants are substances
that are applied to surfaces to reduce the friction
between the surfaces.
• Some examples of common lubricants are motor oil,
wax, and grease. Lubricants are usually liquids, but
they can be solids or gases.
Chapter 19
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes
Motion
Friction: Harmful and Helpful, continued
• Friction can be reduced by switching from sliding
kinetic friction to rolling kinetic friction. Ball bearings
can be placed between wheels and axels to make it
easier for wheels to turn by reducing friction.
• Another way to reduce friction is to make surfaces
that rub against each other smoother.
Chapter 19
Section 3 Friction: A Force That Opposes
Motion
Friction: Harmful and Helpful, continued
• Some Ways to Increase Friction Making surfaces
rougher is one way to increase friction. For example,
sand scattered on icy roads keeps cars from skidding.
• Another way to increase friction is to increase the
force pushing the surfaces together. For example, if you
are sanding a piece of wood, you can sand the wood
faster by pressing harder on the sandpaper.
Chapter 19
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Bellringer
Significantly decreased gravity gives astronauts the
sensation of being weightless and forces astronauts
to make many adjustments in their activities. Write a
paragraph explaining what you would like and dislike
about living with reduced gravity.
Record your thoughts in your science journal.
Chapter 19
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Objectives
• Describe gravity and its effect on matter.
• Explain the law of universal gravitation.
• Describe the difference between mass and weight.
Chapter 19
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
The Effects of Gravity on Matter
• Gravity is a force of attraction between objects that is
due to their masses. Gravity can change the motion of
an object by changing its speed, direction, or both.
• All matter has mass, and gravity is a result of mass.
Therefore, all matter is affected by gravity and all
objects experience an attraction toward all other
objects.
• The mass of most objects is too small to cause a force
large enough to move objects toward each other.
Chapter 19
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
The Effects of Gravity on Matter, continued
• The Size of Earth’s Gravitational Force Compared
with all objects around you, Earth has a huge mass.
Therefore, Earth’s gravitational force is very large.
• You must apply forces to overcome the Earth’s
gravitational force any time you lift objects or even
parts of your body.
Chapter 19
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Newton and the Study of Gravity
• The Core of an Idea Why do objects fall toward the
Earth? What keeps the planets moving in the sky?
• In 1665, British scientist
Sir Isaac Newton made the
connection between these
two questions when, as
legend has it, he saw an
apple falling from a tree.
Chapter 19
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Newton and the Study of Gravity, continued
• Newton knew that unbalanced forces are needed to
change the motion of objects. He concluded that an
unbalanced force on the apple made the apple fall.
• He also reasoned that an unbalanced force on the
moon kept the moon moving around the Earth.
• He proposed that these two forces are actually the
same force––gravity.
Chapter 19
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Newton and the Study of Gravity, continued
• The Birth of a Law Newton summarized his ideas
about gravity in a law known as the law of universal
gravitation. This law describes the relationships
between gravitational force, mass, and distance.
• The law is called universal because it applies to all
objects in the universe.
Chapter 19
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
The Law of Universal Gravitation
• Part 1: Gravitational Force Increases as Mass
Increases Gravitational force is small between objects
that have small masses. Gravitational force is large when
the mass of one or both objects is large.
• Part 2: Gravitational Force Decreases as Distance
Increases Gravitational force is strong when distance
between two objects is small. If the distance between two
objects increases, the gravitational force pulling them
together decreases rapidly.
Chapter 19
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Chapter 19
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Weight as a Measure of Gravitational Force
• The Differences Between Weight and Mass Weight
is related to mass, but they are not the same.
• Weight is a measure of the gravitational force on an
object. Weight changes whenever gravitational force
changes.
• Mass is the amount of matter in an object. An object’s
mass does not change if gravitational force changes.
Chapter 19
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Chapter 19
Section 4 Gravity: A Force of Attraction
Weight as a Measure of Gravity, continued
• Units of Weight and Mass The SI unit of force is a
newton (N). Gravity is a force, and weight is a measure
of gravity. So, weight is also measured in newtons.
• The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). Mass is often
measured in grams (g) and milligrams (mg) as well.
• On Earth, a 100 g object weighs about 1 N.
Chapter 19
Matter in Motion
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map
on the next slide.
speed
time
velocity
motion
acceleration
Chapter 19
Matter in Motion
Chapter 19
Matter in Motion