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Lecture 12 Momentum & Impulse Lecture 12 • Momentum & Impulse • Solve problems with 1D and 2D Collisions Solve problems having an impulse (Force vs. time) Energy Understand the relationship between motion and energy Define Potential & Kinetic Energy Develop and exploit conservation of energy principle Inelastic collision in 1-D: Example Inelastic means that the objects stick. A block of mass M is initially at rest on a frictionless horizontal surface. A bullet of mass m is fired at the block with a muzzle velocity (speed) v. The bullet lodges in the block, and the block ends up with a speed V. In terms of m, M, and V : What is the momentum of the bullet with speed v ? v V before after x A perfectly inelastic collision in 1-D Example What is the momentum of the bullet with speed v ? mv Key question: Is x-momentum conserved ? Before After aaaa mv M 0 (m M )V v V after x before Exercise Momentum Conservation Two balls of equal mass are thrown horizontally with the same initial velocity. They hit identical stationary boxes resting on a frictionless horizontal surface. The ball hitting box 1 bounces elastically back, while the ball hitting box 2 sticks. Which box ends up moving fastest ? A. B. C. Box 1 Box 2 same 1 2 Exercise Momentum Conservation The ball hitting box 1 bounces elastically back, while the ball hitting box 2 sticks. Which box ends up moving fastest ? Notice the implications from the graphical solution: Box 1’s momentum must be bigger because the length of the summed momentum must be the same. The longer the green vector the greater the speed Before After Before After Ball 1 Ball 1 Ball 2 Ball 2 Box 1 Box 1 Box 2 Box 2 Box 2+Ball 2 Box 2+Ball 2 Box 1+Ball 1 Box 1+Ball 1 1 2 A perfectly inelastic collision in 2-D Consider a collision in 2-D (cars crashing at a slippery intersection...no friction). V v1 q m1 + m2 m1 m2 v2 before after If no external force momentum is conserved. Momentum is a vector so px, py and pz A perfectly inelastic collision in 2-D If no external force momentum is conserved. Momentum is a vector so px, py and pz are conseved V v1 q m1 m2 v2 before after x-dir px : m1 v1 = (m1 + m2 ) V cos q y-dir py : m2 v2 = (m1 + m2 ) V sin q m1 + m2 Elastic Collisions Elastic means that the objects do not stick. If no external force, then momentum will always be conserved Start with a 1-D problem. Before After Billiards Consider the case where one ball is initially at rest. after before pa q pb vcm F The final direction of the red ball will depend on where the balls hit. Pa f Billiards: All that really matters is conservation momentum (and energy Ch. 10 & 11) Conservation of Momentum x-dir Px : m vbefore = m vafter cos q + m Vafter cos f y-dir Py : 0 = m vafter sin q + m Vafter sin f after before pafter q pb F Pafter f Force and Impulse (A variable force applied for a given time) Gravity: At small displacements a “constant” force t Springs often provide a linear force (-k x) towards its equilibrium position (Chapter 10) Collisions often involve a varying force F(t): 0 maximum 0 We can plot force vs time for a typical collision. The impulse, Δρ, of the force is a vector defined as the integral of the force during the time of the collision. Force and Impulse (A variable force applied for a given time) Δρ reflects momentum transfer Δρ F Impulse Δρ = area under this curve ! (Transfer of momentum !) t t Impulse has units of Newton-seconds ti tf Force and Impulse Two different collisions can have the same impulse since Δρ depends only on the momentum transfer, NOT the nature of the collision. F same area F t t big, F small t t t small, F big t Average Force and Impulse F Fav F Fav t t big, Fav small t t t small, Fav big t Exercise Force & Impulse Two boxes, one heavier than the other, are initially at rest on a horizontal frictionless surface. The same constant force F acts on each one for exactly 1 second. Which box has the most momentum after the force acts ? F A. B. C. D. heavier lighter same can’t tell light F heavy Boxing: Use Momentum and Impulse to estimate g “force” Back of the envelope calculation (1) marm~ 7 kg (2) varm~7 m/s (3) Impact time t ~ 0.01 s Question: Are these reasonable? Impulse p ~ marm varm ~ 49 kg m/s F ~ Δρ/t ~ 4900 N (1) mhead ~ 6 kg ahead = F / mhead ~ 800 m/s2 ~ 80 g ! Enough to cause unconsciousness ~ 40% of fatal blow Only a rough estimate! Woodpeckers سبحان هللا During "collision" with a tree ahead ~ 600 - 1500 g How do they survive? • Jaw muscles act as shock absorbers • Straight head trajectory reduces damaging rotations (rotational motion is very problematic) Home Exercise The only force acting on a 2.0 kg object moving along the xaxis. Notice that the plot is force vs time. If the velocity vx is +2.0 m/s at 0 sec, what is vx at 4.0 s ? p = m v = Impulse m v = m v = (-8)1 N s + ½ (-8)1 N s + ½ 16(2) N s + + m v = 4 N s v = 2 m/s vx = 2 + 2 m/s = 4 m/s Energy We need to define an “isolated system” ? We need to define “conservative force” ? Recall, chapter 9, force acting for a period of time gives an impulse or a change (transfer) of momentum What if a force acting over a distance: Can we identify another useful quantity? Energy Fy = m ay and let the force be constant y(t) = y0 + vy0 t + ½ ay t2 y = y(t)-y0= vy0 t + ½ ay t2 vy (t) = vy0 + ay t t = (vy - vy0) / ay Eliminate t and regroup So y = vy0 (vy- vy0) / ay+ ½ ay (vy2 - 2vy vy0+vy02 ) / ay2 y = (vy0vy- vy02) / ay+ ½ (vy2 - 2vy vy0+vy02 ) / ay y = ( (vy2 - - vy02) / ay+ ½ y = ½ (vy2 - vy02 ) / ay +vy02 ) / ay Energy And now y = ½ (vy2 - vy02 ) / ay can be rewritten as: may y = ½ m (vy2 - vy02 ) And if the object is falling under the influence of gravity then ay= -g Energy -mg y= ½ m (vy2 - vy02 ) -mg (yf – yi) = ½ m ( vyf2 -vyi2 ) A relationship between y-displacement and change in the y-speed Rearranging to give initial on the left and final on the right ½ m vyi2 + mgyi = ½ m vyf2 + mgyf We now define mgy as the “gravitational potential energy” Energy Notice that if we only consider gravity as the external force then the x and z velocities remain constant To ½ m vyi2 + mgyi = ½ m vyf2 + mgyf Add ½ m vxi2 + ½ m vzi2 and ½ m vxf2 + ½ m vzf2 ½ m vi2 + mgyi = ½ m vf2 + mgyf where vi2 = vxi2 +vyi2 + vzi2 ½ m v2 terms are defined to be kinetic energies (A scalar quantity of motion) Energy If only “conservative” forces are present, the total energy (sum of potential, U, and kinetic energies, K) of a system is conserved Emech = K + U Emech = K + U = constant K and U may change, but Emech = K + U remains a fixed value. Emech is called “mechanical energy” Example of a conservative system: The simple pendulum. Suppose we release a mass m from rest a distance h1 above its lowest possible point. What is the maximum speed of the mass and where does this happen ? To what height h2 does it rise on the other side ? m h1 h2 v Example: The simple pendulum. What is the maximum speed of the mass and where does this happen ? E = K + U = constant and so K is maximum when U is a minimum. y y=h1 y= 0 Example: The simple pendulum. What is the maximum speed of the mass and where does this happen ? E = K + U = constant and so K is maximum when U is a minimum E = mgh1 at top E = mgh1 = ½ mv2 at bottom of the swing y y=h1 y=0 h1 v Example: The simple pendulum. To what height h2 does it rise on the other side? E = K + U = constant and so when U is maximum again (when K = 0) it will be at its highest point. E = mgh1 = mgh2 or h1 = h2 y y=h1=h2 y=0 Cart Exercise Revisited: How does this help? 1st Part: Find v at bottom of incline ai = g sin 30° = 5 m/s2 j N i Emech is conserved Ki+ Ui = Kf + Uf 5.0 m 0 + mgyi = ½ mv2 + 0 (2gy)½ = v = (100) ½ m/s vx= v cos 30° = 8.7 m/s One step, no FBG needed mg 30° 7.5 m y x d = 5 m / sin 30° = ½ ai t2 10 m = 2.5 m/s2 t2 2s = t v = ai t = 10 m/s vx= v cos 30° = 8.7 m/s Exercise : U, K, E & Path A ball of mass m, initially at rest, is released and follows three difference paths. All surfaces are frictionless 1. Ball is dropped 2. Ball slides down a straight incline 3. Ball slides down a curved incline After traveling a vertical distance h, how do the speeds compare? 1 2 3 h (A) 1 > 2 > 3 (B) 3 > 2 > 1 (C) 3 = 2 = 1 (D) Can’t tell