Download 2.2 Anatomy and Biomechanics

2.2 Anatomy and
Biomechanics
Relate anatomy and
biomechanics to a physical
activity (Badminton)
Anatomy
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Skeletal system
Bones
Muscles
Movement
Joints
Agonist/antagonist
Bones
What bones make up the following
joints:
Shoulder (3)
Elbow (3)
Wrist (3)
Hip (2)
Knee (3)
Ankle (3)
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Bones
Shoulder: clavical, scapula, humerus
Elbow: humerus, radius, ulna
Wrist: carpals, radius, ulna
Hip: pelvis, femur
Knee: femur, tibia, fibula
Ankle: tarsals, tibia, fibula
Muscles
What muscles move the following
joints:
Shoulder (4)
Elbow (2)
Wrist (2)
Hip (4)
Knee (2)
Ankle (3)
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Muscles
Shoulder: deltoid, pectorals, trapezius,
Latissimus dorsi
Elbow: bicep, tricep
Wrist: wrist flexors, wrist extensors
Hip: hip flexors (iliopsoas), gluteals,
Adductors, abductors
Knee: quadriceps, hamstring
Ankle: gastocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior
Synovial Joints
•
Freely moveable (lots of movement)
•
Cartilage and ligament for stability
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Synovial membrane (produces fluid)
•
Synovial fluid (lubricates the joint)
Synovial Joints
What type of joints are the following:
• Shoulder
• Wrist
• Ankle
• Hip
• Knee
• Elbow
Synovial Joints
Shoulder: ball and socket (lots of
movement but can dislocate - poor
stability)
Elbow: Hinge (only movement in 2
directions)
Wrist: Ellipsoid (movement side to side
and back and forth, good stability)
Synovial Joints
Hip: ball and socket (lots of movement
but can dislocate - poor stability)
Knee: condyloid (a hinge joint with
internal rotation on full extension)
Ankle: Plane (side to side and back
and forth, some rotation)
Agonist/Antagonist
Muscles always work in pairs
One muscles contracts (agonist) and the
other one relaxes (antagonist)
e.g
elbow flexion:
biceps (agonist)
triceps (antagonist)
Agonist/Antagonist
When these muscles are the agonist
which muscle is the antagonist?
Pectoral:
Biceps
Anterior Deltoid:
Hamstrings:
Gastrocnemius:
Abdominals:
Agonist/Antagonist
Pectoral:
Biceps:
Anterior Deltoid:
Hamstrings:
Gastrocnemius:
Abdominals:
Latissimus Dorsi
Triceps
Posterior Deltoid
Quadriceps
Tibialis Anterior
Erector Spinae
Joint Movement
Flexion: decreasing angle of a joint
Extension: increasing angle of a joint
Joint Movement
Abduction: moving joint away from the
body
Adduction: moving a joint towards the
body
Joint movement
Rotation: moving a bone about a joint
(flexion, extension, abduction, and
adduction)
Joint Movement
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Pronation: turning the palm down
Supination: turning the palm up
Joint movement
Dorsiflexion: moving toes towards
the shin
 Plantarflexion:
pointing the toes
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Joint movement
What movement is possible at the
following joints:
Shoulder (5)
Elbow (2)
Hip (5)
Knee (2)
Ankle (2)
Joint movement
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Shoulder: flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction, rotation
Elbow: flexion, extension
Hip: flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction, rotation
Knee: flexion, extension, slight
internal rotation on extension
Ankle: dorsi flexion, plantar flexion
Joint Movement
What muscles create the following movement:
Shoulder flexion:
Shoulder extension:
Elbow flexion:
Elbow extension:
Knee flexion:
Knee Extension:
Hip flexion:
Hip extension:
Ankle dorsiflexion:
Ankle plantarflexion:
Joint movement
Shoulder flexion: deltoid, pectorals
Shoulder extension: deltoid, latissimus dorsi
Elbow flexion: bicep
Elbow extension: tricep
Knee flexion: hamstring
Knee Extension: quadriceps
Hip flexion: hip flexor (iliopsoas)
Hip extension: gluteals
Ankle dorsiflexion: tibialis anterior
Ankle plantarflexion: gastrocnemius
Biomechanics
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Newton’s laws of motion
Levers
Projectiles
Speed/height/angle of release
Stability (centre of gravity, base of
support, line of gravity)
Force summation/timing
Transfer of momentum
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Law 1: Inertia
- An object remains at rest or in
motion unless acted upon by a force
Inertia is an objects
tendency to remain
at rest or in motion
Newton’s 1st law of Inertis
Give 2 sporting examples of this law:
1.
2.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Law 2: Acceleration (F=m x a)
- Acceleration of an object is
proportional to the force causing it,
is in the same direction as the force
and is effected by the mass of the
object
Newton’s laws of motion
-
cricket ball accelerates in direction of the
bat, accelerates depending on how fast
the bat is swung and accelerates
depending on the size (mass) of the ball
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Law 3: Action/Reaction
For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
Newton’s 3rd law of motion
Give 2 sporting examples of the 3rd
law:
1.
2.
Levers
1st Class:
2nd class:
3rd class:
Levers
[1,2,3=F,L,E]
1st class: fulcrum between the load
and effort e.g seasaw or rowing
2nd class: load is between the fulcrum
and effort e.g push up
3rd class: effort is between the load
and the fulcrum e.g golf swing
1st class lever
Rowing
2nd class lever
Push up
3rd class lever
Golf swing
Levers
Draw a diagram to show these levers
1st Class: rowing
2nd class: push up
3rd class: golf swing
Projectiles
Any object released into the air is a
projectile
Projectiles are influenced by:
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Gravity: pulls object back to earth
Spin: can change its direction/path
Speed of release: faster = further
Height of release: higher = further
Angle of release: 45 degrees is ideal
Wind: can slow down/speed up object
Gravity
Spin
Speed of release
Height of release
Angle of release
Wind
Speed/height/angle of release
Think of a sport when it is beneficial to have
each aspect and why:
Fast speed of release:
High Height of release:
45 degree Angle of release:
A minus angle of release:
Speed/height/angle of release
Speed: - Javelin run up, cricket bowling
Height: Tennis serve, high jump
Angle: 45 degrees is ideal for most throws
Minus 45 degrees ideal for tennis serve
Angle of release
90
45
0
-45
-90
Angle of release
What is the angle of release of these:
high jump
parachuting
tennis serve
long jumping
volleyball block
ten pin bowling
shot put
springboard diving
badminton smash
soccer pass along the ground
Angle of release
Angle of release
90 volleyball block
85 springboard diving
75 high jump
45 long jump, shot put
0 soccer pass, ten pin bowling
-30 tennis serve, badminton smash
-90 parachuting
Stability
Centre of gravity
Point at which all part of a body are
equally balanced
Base of support
Area within an objects point of contact
with the ground
Line of gravity
Direct line from the centre of gravity to the
ground
Centre of gravity
Base of support
Line of gravity
Stability
*Low
*balanced
*wide
*gravity
*within
*support
Someone is more __________when
they have a ____centre of _______,
a ______ base of __________ and a
line of gravity that falls _______the
body.
Force Summation
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Using as many body parts as
possible in the correct sequence in
order to generate the most possible
force
e.g a standing throw in discus only
uses the upper body. A full turn
uses more muscles (lower body) so
can generate more force
Force summation
Full turn uses all muscles in sequence
Force summation
Standing turn
uses mainly
upper body
muscles and
not many
lower body
Force Summation
small force
large force
(shoulder-arm-hands)
(legs-torso-shoulderarm-hands)
Momentum
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Amount of motion an object has
Momentum= mass (kg) x velocity (m/sec)
1.
2.
Linear – in a straight line (running)
Angular – rotating about an axis
(ice skating pirouette)
Momentum
Linear
Angular
Momentum
What is the momentum of the
following players:
Player
A
B
Mass
80kg
90kg
Speed____
8m/sec
4m/sec
Momentum
Player A:
80kg x 8m/sec = 640 kg m/sec
Player B:
90kg x 4m/sec = 360 kg m/sec
Player A is lighter but running twice as
faster so has a lot more momentum
Transfer of Momentum
Internal: momentum of one body part being
transferred to another
e.g using arms to generate force when
vertical jumping, passed onto the legs
External: by using objects to move other
objects
e.g cricket bat and ball or arms and ball in
volleyball dig