Download Acceleration - Solon City Schools

Motion Unit
SI Chapter 10
1
We are learning to: explain motion
We are looking for: an act, process, or
instance of changing position through
time.
Measuring Motion
 Motion is the change in
an object’s position.
 Reference point is a
stationary object that is
used to compare an
object’s motion.
 Displacement is the
change in position of an
object.
Straight line.
Must be in a particular
direction.
3
Which of the following describes
motion?
m
di
in
ge
ge
an
ch
A
A
ch
an
ge
an
ch
A
0%
...
...
po
in
m
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an
ch
A
0%
a.
..
0%
a.
..
0%
in
A. A change in mass
over time
B. A change in position
over mass
C. A change in distance
over time
D. A change in mass
over distance
How do you know that
the car is in motion?
A. The distance between the
building and car changes.
B. The time it takes the car
to move is constant.
C. The distance between the
building and the car stays
constant.
0%
A
.
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be
...
What is the SI or metric unit for
distance?
Miles
Grams
Meter
Feet
0%
Fe
et
0%
M
et
er
s
0%
Gr
am
s
0%
M
i le
a)
b)
c)
d)
Do this: From what you know about
motion- write a paragraph explaining
this video clip
We are learning to: explain the
difference between speed and
velocity
We are looking for: Speed =
change in distance/ change in
time. Velocity = speed + direction
of an object. Velocity has a
direction, while speed does not.
Speed
 Speed is how fast an object
moves.
 v=d÷t
 Common unit for measuring
speed is m/s
 distance
 time
 Speed is illustrated in a
distance-time graph.
 Time on the x-axis
 Distance on the y-axis
 Horizontal line indicates that
the object is not moving.
9
Types of Speed
 Constant speed is speed
that does not change.
 Average speed is the
distance traveled by an
object divided by the time
the object takes to travel
that distance.
 Instantaneous speed is
speed measured in an
infinitely small time
interval.
10
Velocity
 Velocity is speed and
direction.
 Common unit for
velocity is m/s north
distance
time
direction
11
What is the formula needed to
calculate speed of an object?
A. distance x time
B. distance / time
C. time / distance
D. acceleration x time
E. I need help!
he
lp
!
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. ..
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Joe Shmoe walks 30 meters in 10
seconds. What was his speed?
0%
0%
lp
!
he
d
ee
In
m
et
er
s/
se
co
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..
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/m
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3
m
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er
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..
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3
5 meters/second
3 seconds/meter
3 meters/second
I need help!
5
A.
B.
C.
D.
What is the only difference
between speed and velocity?
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...
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!
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he
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ee
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an
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Sp
A. Speed is more complex while
velocity is less complex.
B. Velocity is time divided by
distance and speed is distance
divided by time.
C. Velocity requires a direction
while speed does not.
D. Speed and velocity are
calculated differently.
E. I need help!
Which of the following is an
acceptable unit for velocity?
lp
!
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ee
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M
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..
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M
A. Meters per second
B. Feet per hour
C. Miles per hour
South
D. Miles per hour
E. I need help!
Please copy circle and do this.
Speed
 Fill in three words that
closely relate to the
one word given.
 Write a paragraph
explaining the
significance of each
word and how they fit
together to form a
concept?
We are learning to: explain the
difference between speed and velocity
and interpret graphs.
We are looking for: Speed = change
in distance/ change in time. Velocity
= speed + direction of an object.
Velocity has a direction, while speed
does not.
Graphing Motion
 Time is on the x-axis of
the graph.
 Distance is on the y-axis
of the graph.
 The steepness of a line
on a graph is called the
slope.
 The faster the motion, the
steeper the slope.
 A horizontal line
represents an object that
is not in motion.
18
You are asked to create a graph that shows
the speed of an object. What should be
plotted on the x and y axes?
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.
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=a
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X
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=d
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is
ax
X
sp
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d;
s=
ax
i
Y
0%
i..
.
im
e
0%
Y
A. Y axis = speed; X axis =
time
B. Y axis = time; X axis =
distance
C. Y axis = distance; X axis =
time
D. Y axis = time; X axis =
acceleration
What is this
graph showing?
A. A person walking at varying
speeds.
B. A person walking at a constant
speed and then stopping to rest.
C. A person standing still.
D. A person walked three miles.
0% 0% 0% 0%
A
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ill
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rs
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on
w
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th
Distance
A. The object is not
moving.
B. The object is moving
at a constant speed.
C. The object is moving
at a constant speed
then stopped to rest.
D. The object is moving
at varying speeds.
0
Time
D
0%
Th
e
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je
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ti
t.
..
sm
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ot
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c
Th
e
0%
t. .
0%
.
0%
Th
e
What does this
graph show?
What does a steep slope of a line on
a distance time graph indicate?
0%
g.
..
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ch
an
Sp
e
ed
is
ti
ob
je
c
is
ed
Sp
e
0%
s
sl
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st
is
ed
Sp
e
0%
w
0%
Th
e
A. Speed is fast
B. Speed is slow
C. The object is not
moving
D. Speed is changing
Graphing Activity
Construct a graph in
your notes using the
data to the right. Be
sure to label the x and
y axis with correct
units.
DISTANCE (M)
TIME (S)
0
0
1
1
3
2
5
3
5
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
Acceleration
Chapter 10, section 2.
24
We are learning to: explain how
acceleration is a change in an object’s
speed or direction
We are looking for: the change in an
object’s motion, which is caused by either
speeding up, slowing down, or changing
direction
Acceleration is the rate at which velocity
changes over time
 Speed changes
• Increasing
• Decreasing
 Direction changes
• If you travel in a
circle at a constant
speed, you’re
accelerating
because you are
constantly
changing
directions.
26
Centripetal Acceleration

Centripetal acceleration is
the acceleration that occurs
in uniform circular motion
27
Calculating Acceleration
 acceleration = vfinalvinitial/time or a = v/t
 Small acceleration,
velocity is increasing
very gradually
 Large acceleration,
velocity is increasing
more rapidly
28
Negative Acceleration


Positive acceleration always
means the object’s velocity is
always increasing.
Negative acceleration means
the object’s velocity is
decreasing.
29
Graphing acceleration
 Plot the time on the xaxis
 Plot the velocity on the
y-axis
 A straight line indicates
constant acceleration
 Positive slope
represents speeding up
 Negative slope
represents slowing
down
 Slope is zero if the
acceleration is zero
30
Which of the following is NOT
an example of acceleration?
A. Walking in a straight line
at a constant speed
B. Approaching a stop sign
C. A ball rolling down a hill
D. Turning around a corner
at a constant speed
W
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ni
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hi
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r..
Which of the following best
describes a decrease in speed?
ee
d
sp
e
ra
g
ve
A
on
C
0%
ity
nt
v
st
a
cc
A
at
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N
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oc
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er
at
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at
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n
cc
el
A
e
si
tiv
0% 0%
n
0%
Po
A. Positive
Acceleration
B. Negative
Acceleration
C. Constant
velocity
D. Average speed
Suzie is running around a track at a
constant speed of 5 m/s. Why is she
accelerating?
g.
..
0%
in
n.
..
s lo
w
is
Sh
e
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e
is
ch
is
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e
0%
sp
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...
nn
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ru
is
0%
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..
0%
Sh
e
A. She is running at
a constant speed
B. She is changing
direction
C. She is speeding
up
D. She is slowing
down
What is plotted on the y-axis when
graphing acceleration?
A. Speed
B. Time
C. Distance
D. Acceleration
0%
io
n
er
at
el
Ac
c
an
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e
0%
Di
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Practice Problems
 Determine the acceleration of an
automobile that goes from 0 mph to 60
mph in 12 seconds. (show all of your
work)
Determine the acceleration of a man
running a 1600 meter race who goes
from 15 meters per second to 18 meters
per second in 7 seconds. (show all of
your work)
We are learning to: explain balanced and unbalanced
forces
We are looking for: Balanced forces result in zero net
for and no acceleration. Unbalanced forces result in
acceleration of the object in the direction of the greater
force
We are learning to: explain how friction impacts the
motion of an object
We are looking for: friction opposes motion
Balanced and unbalanced forces

A force is an action exerted on a
body in order to change the
body’s state of rest or motion.

A force has a magnitude and
direction.

The net force is the combination
of all of the forces acting on the
object.


The object accelerates in
the direction of the net
force.
The object will not
accelerate if the net force
is zero.
37
Balanced and unbalanced forces
 Balance forces do not
cause an object at
rest to start moving.
 Net forces are zero.
 Unbalanced forces
cause the object to
move in the direction
of the greater force.
 Net forces are greater
than zero.
38
Force of friction

Friction is a force that
opposes motion between two
surfaces that are in contact

The rougher the surface, the
greater the friction

Static friction is the force that
resists the initiation of sliding
motion between two surfaces
that are in contact and at rest
39
Force of friction

Kinetic friction is the force
that opposes the
movement of two surfaces
that are in contact and are
sliding over each other

Sliding friction occurs
when objects pass each
other

Rolling friction occurs
when a round object rolls
over a flat surface
40
Force of friction

Static friction is usually greater
than kinetic friction

Fluid friction is the friction
between air and the surface of
the moving object



Air is displaced as an object
moves
Air resistance increases as
the speed of the object
increases
Designing a shape of a car
to displace less air is
called streamlining
41
Friction and motion




Friction is necessary, but
sometimes harmful
Friction can be reduced by
lubricants
Friction can be increased by
making surfaces rougher
Hydroplaning occurs when
water is trapped between the
tires of a car and the road.
42
Force is measured in units of…
m/s
Newtons
m/s2
grams
s
0
gr
am
/s
2
0
m
ew
to
ns
0
N
/s
0
m
A.
B.
C.
D.
What is the net force?
40 N
30 N
to
N
10
N
0
10
0
t
rig
h
th
e
th
e
to
0
N
0
le
ft
0
N
10 N to the left
10 N to the right
0N
10 N
10
A.
B.
C.
D.
What is the Net Force?
to
N
10
N
0
10
0
t
rig
h
th
e
th
e
0
N
0
le
ft
0
to
10 N to the left
10 N to the right
0N
10 N
N
A.
B.
C.
D.
40 N
10
40 N
Which of the following arrows
represents the force of friction?
D
A
B
C
D
0
D
0
C
0
B
0
A
A.
B.
C.
D.
Which one of the following forces
opposes motion?
gravity
friction
applied force
centripetal force
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gr
a
a)
b)
c)
d)
Balanced Force
Define (in own Words)
Characteristics
Examples (from own life)
Nonexamples (from own
life)
We are learning to: explain how
gravity affects the motion of an
object.
We are looking for: gravitational
pull causes objects to accelerate.
Gravity
 Law of Universal Gravitation
states that all objects in the
universe attract each other
through gravitational force.
 Gravity is the force of
attraction between any two
objects.
 F = G (m1 m2/d2)
50
Factors That Affect Gravity
 Gravity depends on:
Mass of the objects
(larger masses have
greater gravity)
Distances between
objects (greater
distance between
objects, the less the
gravity).
51
Affects of Gravity
 Weightlessness
occurs when gravity
from two sources pull
equally on you.
 Commonly referred to
as zero gravity.
 Gravity exist
everywhere!
52
Free Fall
 Free fall is when gravity is
the only force acting on an
object.
 Weight = mass x free-fall
acceleration
 w = mg
 Acceleration due to gravity is
9.8 m/s2
53
Terminal Velocity
 Terminal velocity is the air
resistance is equal to the
gravitational force.
 When terminal velocity
occurs, maximum velocity is
reached.
 A free falling object
accelerates until the object
reaches terminal velocity.
54
Projectile Motion
 Projectile motion is the
curved path an object follows
when thrown, launched, or
otherwise projected near the
surface of the earth.
 An object thrown will hit the
ground at the same time that
an object is dropped from the
same height.
 Gravitational acceleration is
9.8 m/s2.
55
Why does the Earth have more
gravity than the moon?
rth
Ea
is
th
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A. The moon revolves faster
than the Earth
B. The moon has less mass than
the Earth
C. Earth is a greater distance
from the sun.
D. The Earth has more water on
it.
E. I don’t know – I need help!
Ignoring air resistance, what object will
hit the ground first when each is
dropped from the same height?
0
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B
A. Baseball
B. Bowling ball
C. Both will hit at
same time
D. I don’t know- I
need help!
Which statement best describes gravity?
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A. Gravity pushes objects
towards Earth
B. Gravity acts on all objects
unless they are moving
C. Gravity pulls objects towards
Earth
D. Gravity acts the same way on
Earth as on the moon
E. I don’t know – I need help!
An object reaches its terminal
velocity when…
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th
A. the force of gravity is
greater
B. the force of gravity
and the force of air
resistance are
balanced
C. the force of air
resistance is greater
D. I don’t know – I need
help!
Focus Free Write
Write about what your life would
be like if the amount of gravity on
Earth was ½ of what it is now.
We are learning to: explain Newton’s
First Law of Motion
We are looking for: an object in motion
remains in motion; an object at rest
remains at rest unless acted upon by
an outside force
Newton’s First Law of Motion
 An object at rest
remains at rest and an
object in motion
maintains its velocity
unless it experiences an
unbalanced force.
 Gravity
 Friction
 An immoveable object
62
Newton’s First Law of Motion
 Inertia is the tendency of
an object at rest to
remain at rest, if moving,
to continue moving at a
constant velocity.
 People leaning to the curve
as a car drives around a
curve.
 Seatbelts fight inertia.
 A planet moving around the
sun.
63
The tendency of an object to resist a
change in motion is
A. Gravity
B. Friction
C. Inertia
D. Momentum
E. I don’t know – I
need help!
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The greater the mass of an
object…
–.
..
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A. the lesser the
gravity.
B. the greater the
inertia.
C. the lesser the force.
D. the lesser the inertia.
E. I don’t know – I need
help!
Which will have the greatest
inertia?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Bowling ball
Baseball
Tennis Ball
Ping pong ball
I don’t know- I
need help!
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ba
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a
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al
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ba
0%
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o
Id
t
n’
ow
kn
-.
..
Your parent presses the car
brakes while driving …which of
the following describes your
motion?
d
ee
–
In
ns
no
w
’t
k
on
0
...
at
...
0
re
m
ai
fo
...
Yo
ur
bo
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es
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es
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dy
bo
Yo
ur
0
...
b.
..
0
Id
Your body moves backward
Your body does not move
Your body moves forward
Your body remains at rest
I don’t know – I need help!
Yo
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Concept Circle
Newton’s 1st
Law
Seatbelt
Billiards
Draw this circle on
paper. Write a
paragraph that
explains how the two
words are related to
Newton’s 1st Law. In
the blank space,
create your own
example.
We are learning to: explain
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
We are looking for: how an
unbalanced force causes an
object to accelerate.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
 The unbalanced force acting
on an object equals the
object’s mass times its
acceleration.
 Force equals mass times
acceleration.
 Force = mass x acceleration
 F = ma
 Force is measured in units
called Newtons.
70
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
 The acceleration of an object
is proportional to the net
force on the object and
inversely proportional to the
object’s mass.
 acceleration = force / mass
 a=F/m
71
Result of Newton’s 2nd Law
 To cause an object to
accelerate, you can:
Decrease the load on
a moving object.
Increase the force
being applied to an
object.
Newton’s Second Law states that…
A. Objects in motion stay in
motion.
B. Objects at rest stay at rest.
C. If a net force is applied onto
an object, it will accelerate.
D. For every action there is an
equal and opposite
reaction.
E. I don’t know – I need help!
0
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You are having difficulty pulling a
pile of books in a wagon. What
would be the best way to increase
the acceleration of the wagon?
A. Remove some books from the wagon.
B. Add some books to the wagon.
C. Remove the wheels from the wagon.
D. Have a friend help you get on an
exercise program
E. I don’t know – I need help!
R
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A person pushes a 10kg shopping cart down
the isle. The cart accelerates at a rate of 2m/s2.
How much force did he exert on the cart?
0%
–
In
ee
d
he
lp
!
g
0%
5k
N
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20
N
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12
5N
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A. 5 N
B. 12 N
C. 20 N
D. 5 kg
E. I don’t know – I
need help!
–.
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A. The object will accelerate to the left.
B. The object will accelerate to the
right.
C. The object will stay at rest.
D. The object will not accelerate.
E. I don’t know – I need help!
ob
30
N
e
40
N
What will happen
to this object if the
forces are applied?
Compare Newton’s 1st & 2nd Law
Use examples that are not in your text. Create your own examples.
Newton’s 1st Law
Newton’s 2nd Law
Diagram:
Diagram:
Examples:
Examples:
We are learning to: explain
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
We are looking for: every action
there is an equal and opposite
reaction (i.e. rocket launching)
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
 For every action force, there
is an equal and opposite
reaction force.
 Forces always occur in pairs.
 Force pairs do not act on the
same object.
 Equal forces don’t always
have equal effects.
79
Which of the following situations best
illustrates Newton’s Third Law of Motion?
12
A. A boy pulling a wagon,
which accelerates.
B. Inflating a balloon and
releasing it.
C. Moving forward when a car
stops.
D. I don’t know – I need help!
5
1
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lp
he
Which of the following describes
Newton’s Third Law of Motion?
18
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ry
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0
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Ob
je
c
A. Objects at rest stay at rest.
B. If you apply a net force,
acceleration will occur.
C. Objects in motion stay in
motion.
D. For every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction.
E. I don’t know – I need help!
A space shuttle is being launched.
Identify the action force.
A. Release of Gas
B. Gravity
C. Lift-Off
D. Weight of Shuttle
E. I don’t know- I
need help!
14
4
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f
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f
.
w
no
k
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-.
How does Newton’s 3rd Law apply to your
ability to walk?
,.
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t
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sh
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D.
3
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e
C.
15
pu
B.
Ground pushes down and
your foot pushes up.
Your foot pushes down with a
greater force and the ground
pushes back with a lesser
force.
Your foot pushes down on the
ground and the ground
pushes back with an equal
force.
I don’t know, I need help.
Gr
ou
nd
A.
Alike but Different
Newton’s 1st
Newton’s 2nd
What we have in common
How we are different
How I will remember this
Newton’s 3rd
We are learning to: identify different forms of energy
We are looking for: identification of the following:
Chemical – energy stored in the bonds of atoms
Electrical – energy in moving electrons
Mechanical – energy in motion
Thermal – heat energy
Acoustic – sound energy
Nuclear – energy stored in the nucleus of an atom
Electromagnetic – visible(radiant), UV rays,
microwaves, etc.
What is energy?
 Energy is the ability to do
work.
 Energy is measured in
joules.
86
Forms of Energy





Mechanical energy
Chemical energy
Nuclear energy
Electrical energy
Electromagnetic
energy
 Thermal energy
 Acoustical energy
87
Energy Transformation
 Energy transformation occur
when one form of energy
changes into another form of
energy.
 Kinetic changes into potential
and potential changes into
kinetic.
 Energy transformation can see
mechanical energy changing
into other forms of energy.
88
Energy Conversion
 Trace the energy through the
flashlight.
89
What type of energy is present in a
battery?
0
of
24
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he
lp
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nd
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do
n
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l
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ct
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le
ica
m
0%
ne
rg
y
gy
0%
Ch
e
A. Chemical energy
B. Electrical Energy
C. Mechanical
Energy
D. Solar Energy
E. I need help. I
don’t
understand.
10
What type of energy is required to operate
this device?
0
of
24
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p!
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..
En
0%
Th
er
m
al
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gy
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ct
0%
En
er
g.
..
0%
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e
A. Electrical energy
B. Chemical Energy
C. Mechanical
Energy
D. Thermal Energy
E. Help!
10
What is the type of energy present in the
sun?
0
of
24
0
he
l
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ee
d
.
Id
on
’t
kn
ow
p.
ar
0
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cle
m
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0
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e
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ic
0
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n
ct
ric
a
l
0
Ele
A. Electrical
B. Kinetic
C. Chemical
D. Nuclear
E. I don’t know. I
need help.
10
What type of energy is dependent on the
height of an object?
0
of
24
0
0
Ki
n
et
ic
Id
on
’t
kn
ow
..
..
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av
i
ta
t
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m
ica
lp
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en
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0
Ch
e
A. Chemical potential
B. Elastic potential
C. Gravitational
potential
D. Kinetic
E. I don’t know. I
need help.
10
Concept Circle
Chemical
Energy
1. Fill in three other types of
energy closely relate to the
energy given
2. Write a paragraph
explaining the significance
of each energy type and
how they fit together to form
a concept.
We are learning to: explain the law of conservation of energy.
We are looking for: how energy can change from one form to
another without the loss of overall energy
We are learning to: trace energy transformations in a closed
system (i.e., flashlight)
We are looking for: the ordering of how one form of energy
changes (transforms) to another. (See aforementioned types of
energy)
Energy Conservation
 The Law of Conservation of
Energy states that energy
cannot be created or
destroyed.
 Some energy is converted to
thermal energy.
96
Potential Energy
 Potential energy is stored
energy
 Types of potential
energy:
 Gravitational potential
energy is energy stored
because of position.
 Grav. P.E.=mass x g x
height
 Elastic potential energy
is energy stored in by
being stretched or
compressed.
97
Kinetic Energy
 Kinetic energy is energy of
motion.
 Kinetic energy depends on
mass & speed.
 KE = 1/2mv2
 Double the mass, double
the kinetic energy.
 Double the velocity,
quadruple the kinetic
energy.
98
At what point does the swinging
pendulum have the most kinetic energy?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A
B
C
D
I don’t
understand.
I need help!
19
4
2
0
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
E.
At what point would the swinging
pendulum have the most potential energy?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A
B
C
D
I don’t
understand. I
need help!
24
1
A.
B.
0
C.
1
D.
0
E.
What is the relationship between
potential and kinetic energy?
25
A. There is no relationship.
B. As PE increases, KE
increases.
C. As PE increases, KE
decreases.
D. As PE decreases, KE
decreases.
E. I don’t understand. I need
help!
1
0
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at
p
hi
ns
.
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..
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Electricity is produced in a hydroelectric plant
when moving water turns a turbine.
Which describes this energy transformation
from the turning turbine to electricity?
a. kinetic energy into electric
energy
b. nuclear energy into electric
energy
c. thermal energy into electric
energy
d. chemical energy into electric
energy
e. Help! I don’t understand.
21
3
1
0
1
2
3
4
1
5
Joe Shmoe turns on a flashlight. Which
of the following lists the energy
transformations in the system?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Electrical  chemical  mechanical
 radiant
Chemical  electrical  thermal 
mechanical
Nuclear  chemical  electrical
Mechanical  chemical  Electrical
 radiant
I don’t understand. I need help!
25
0
A.
1
B.
0
C.
0
D.
E.
Concept Map
A
Create 5 questions about Energy on loose leaf using this
graphic organizer.
Exchange with a partner and answer the questions.
A
Question
A
Question
ENERG
Y
Question
Question
A
Question
A
Review Questions
 What do you call a stationary object that is used for a comparison to
detect motion?
 (reference point or reference frame)
 What do you call the distance between the starting point to the final
destination?
 (displacement)
 What describes how fast an object moves?
 (speed)
 What is the type of speed when equal distances are covered in
equal time?
 (constant speed)
 What is graphed on the x-axis of a speed graph?
 (time)
 What is graphed on the y-axis of a speed graph?
 (distance)
105
Review Questions
 What do you call the total distance the object traveled divided by the
total time it took for the object to move that distance?
 (average speed)
 What is speed measured in infinitely small time intervals?
 (instantaneous speed)
 What do you call speed with direction?
 (velocity)
 What is the formula for calculating speed?
 (v = d/t)
 What is the formula for calculating acceleration?
 (a = (vf –vi)/t
 What do we call the rate in change of velocity?
 (acceleration)
106
Review Questions
 What do we graph on the y-axis of an acceleration graph?
 (speed)
 What type of forces causes change in motion of an object?
 (unbalanced forces)
 What type of forces causes no change in the motion of an object?
 (balanced forces)
 What is a force?
 (a push or pull)
 What do we call the force that resist a surface moving over another
surface?
 (friction)
 What is the type of friction where everything is stationary?
 (static friction)
107
Review Questions
 What type of friction involve moving objects?
 (kinetic friction)
 What are the two types of kinetic friction?
 (sliding friction & rolling friction)
 What type of friction is air resistance?
 (fluid friction)
 What reduces friction?
 (lubricants)
108