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 1.
Who were the Crusades between?
 2. Who wrote the letter that started
the crusades? What Empire was he
from?
 3. Who called for the Crusades?
 4. Name 2 of the 5 causes for the
Crusades.
The Crusades
East Meets West
The Crusades
After Muslims(Seljuk Turks) were threatening
the Byzantine Empire (Christians), Pope Urban II
calls for Christians from Western Europe to
protect the Byzantine Empire and to capture the
Holy Land from its Muslim inhabitants

Asia Minor
Pope Urban II
calls the first
Crusade.
1095-1291
GOD WILLS IT!!
What the Pope Said:
" Jerusalem is now held captive by the
enemies of Christ,
those who do not know God,
the heathen (non Christians).
Jerusalem wants to be free and
begs you to come help!
Who will take up this work,
who will right these wrongs
who will recover this territory, if you won't
?"
Europe 1000-1100
Adventure
Papal Politics
Battle of
Hastings
1066
Cluniac
Reform
c. 1024
Capture of
Toledo from
Muslims
1087
Religious Piety
Christianization of
the Vikings, Slavs,
and Magyars
c. 1000
Expansionism
Muslim Advances
Investiture
Controversy
1075+
Rome
Pilgrimages
Capture of
Sicily from
Muslims
1099
Great Schism
1064
Constantinople
Battle of
Manzikert
1071
Call for a Crusade
Pope Urban II called for
a Crusade in 1095
Objectives
 Drive Turks from Anatolia
 Obligate the Byzantines
 Provide occasion for healing
Great Schism on Rome's terms
 Capture Holy Land
Major Events of Crusades
 First Crusade 1097-1098
Achieved all major objectives
in Holy Land
Turkish threat hurt, though
not eliminated
Area not strategic to Muslims,
could have been held
indefinitely with a little skill.
Crusaders attempted to
destabilize neighbors
Major Events of Crusades

Second Crusade, 1147-1148
 Military failure, discredits
Crusaders as military
threat

Third Crusade, 1189-1191
 Well-known in literature
(Robin Hood)
Major Events of Crusades
Fourth Crusade, 1199-1204
 Western-Greek relations always
strained, mutual contempt.
 To finance crusade, Crusaders
worked for Venetians
 Crusaders sacked Constantinople,
1204
 Chance to heal Great Schism utterly
lost.
 In 1453, when attacked by Turks,
Byzantines preferred surrender to
asking Rome for aid.
Major Events of Crusades

Fifth Crusade, 1218-1219
 Captured Damietta, swapped for Jerusalem
 Moslems agreed
 Crusaders tried to conquer Egypt

Sixth Crusade, 1229
 Frederick II of Germany did little
fighting and a lot of negotiation
 Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem
and all the other holy cities and a
truce of ten years
 He was widely condemned for conducting the
Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.
Major Events of Crusades

Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254
 Led by Louis IX of France
 Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade

Eighth Crusade, 1270
 Led by Louis IX of France
 Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of
Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and
diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where
Louis died.
 The last Crusader cities on the mainland of
Palestine fell in 1291
 One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.
The Crusades Died Out
Lack of interest, rising
European prosperity
Repeated military
defeats
Discredited by
"crusades" against
Christians (e.g.,
Albigensians)
Effects of Crusades
 Fatal weakening of Byzantine
Empire
 Vast increase in cultural horizons
for many Europeans.
 Stimulated Mediterranean trade.
 Need to transfer large sums of
money for troops and supplies led
to development of banking
techniques.
 Romantic and imaginative
literature.
More Effects of Crusades
Knowledge introduced to
Europe
Weakening of nobility, rise of
merchant classes
Enrichment was primarily
from East to West--Europe
had little to give in return.