Download The Crusades

Chapter 11
Section 1 - The Crusades
Palestine
*Located along east coast of Med Sea
*Also known as the Holy Land
*Sacred to both Christians
and Muslims (and Jews…)
*Essentially today’s Israel (& now Palestinian
Authority areas)
SELJUK TURKS
*Warlike people who:
- conquer Palestine in the 1000’s ad
- attack Byzantine Empire
- persecute Christian pilgrims(?)
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
*Former Eastern Roman Empire
*Capital city was Constantinople
*When Turks attack them their emperor asks
the Pope in Rome for help
Pope Urban II
*At Council of Clermont in A.D. 1095 he calls for a “crusade”
to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims (also called or
known as Saracens, Turks, Moors, Infidels, etc.)
The Crusades
*(Christian) Military and religious expeditions to
regain the Holy Lands (from the Muslims)
Maps of the Crusades
PEASANT’S
CRUSADE
*Peter the Hermit and others lead 15,000 – 30,000 untrained
commoners (and a few poor knights) toward Jerusalem
*They get slaughtered!
FIRST CRUSADE 1096-1099
Led by norman french knights
Battle of Jerusalem:
•Jerusalem falls after a siege
and Crusaders then slaughter
thousands of the city’s residents
~ Set up Crusader States of:
>Kingdom of Jerusalem
>Edessa
>Antioch
> Tripoli
JERUSALEM
Second Crusade 1147 -1149
French & German knights return home in failure after
two years without liberating any towns
THE THIRD CRUSADE 1189 - 1192
*Also called the Crusade of the Three Kings
*CRUSADE LEADERS INCLUDE:
Frederick Barbarosa
*Holy Roman Emperor (Ger)
*He dies in a river crossing and his army goes home
Richard the lionheart of england
Philip II of France
*He has falling out with Richard and goes home too
S
A
L
A
D
I
N
*Salah-al-Din
Saladin – the most well known and successful Muslim
leader of the Crusades
*3RD Crusade essentially becomes a fight between
Richard and the Muslim leader Saladin
*Richard eventually settles for a truce and the right for Christians
to enter Jerusalem and he goes home too, ending the 3rd Crusade
THE FOURTH CRUSADE 1202
*Crusaders, at Venice’s urging, attack Christian cities
of Zadar, and more importantly, Constantinople
(VENICE)
ZADAR
CONSTANTINOPLE
*RESULTS:
1. Constantinople is weakened (and so is the Byzantine
Empire in general)
2. Entire army is excommunicated (by the Pope)
CHILDREN’S CRUSADE 1212
Group of children think they can
succeed where their elders failed
*RESULT:
1. Some turned back by the Pope
2. Some sold into slavery
*Pogroms, or persecution, against Jews also
a tragic chapter of the Crusades
(every time a Crusade was launched toward the
Holy Land, crusaders brutalized and killed Jewish
People along the way…)
RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES:
1. MILITARY – all but first were military failures, but Western
Christians did gain knowledge about castles, siege tactics, and
new weapons
2. SOCIAL – loss of knights strengthens both kings and
rising new middle class, and feudalism declines
3. ECONOMIC – trade greatly stimulated
* The Italian city-states gain significant power
SEC 2 – REVIVAL OF TRADE
~ Italian city-states grew wealthy by acting as middlemen
between the Middle East and Western Europe
~ Vikings traded between Northern and Eastern Europe
~ Flanders, Bruges, and Ghent became important
cities in the trade of textiles and wool in NW Europe
Hanseatic League
Powerful alliance of trading cities
on the North and Baltic Seas
Ex. Coined own money, had a
strong navy, armies, signed treaties
with kings, charged taxes on goods
they sold, etc.
Luxury
Goods
from the
East
European Goods
TRADE FAIRS
*Local lords hosted fairs, provided protection to merchants and
travelers, and charged taxes on goods sold
Champagne
Region in Northern France
along trade route between
Italian City-States and
Northern Europe
*Some of the most famous trade fairs were
held here
Money changers needed to determine value of the many
currencies brought to the fairs
BANCA
*Italian word that the English
word “bank” comes from
*Usury was the charging of
high interest on loans
*Letters of credit – the forerunner
of today’s checks
*Capital – money to invest in business ventures