Download Section 2.8

Section 2.8
The New
Monarchies
Monarchs begin to crack Feudalism
• Guarantee protection of
law
• Heredity viewed favorably
– By bourgeoisie (town
people)
• Begin to tax
– To pay for large armies
– Feudal law and custom
• Incorporate Roman Law
for prestige
– Titles of majesty and
sovereign
Question: What would Machiavelli think
of the New Monarchs?
Origins, Nature, and Accomplishments
England’s New Monarchy
• Parliament controlled by
feudal lords (blocked
consolidation)
• Tudors emerge victorious
after War of Roses
– Between houses of York
and Lancaster
• Had slowed trade,
agriculture, industry
York
Lancaster
The Tudor
Dynasty:
Elizabeth of York
•Henry VII
•Henry VIII
•Mary Tudor
•Edward
•Elizabeth
Henry Tudor, a Lancastrian
claimant
England’s New Monarchy
• Henry VII (1485-1509)
– Passed laws against livery and
maintenance
– Weakens Barons
• Lords prevented from maintaining
private armies and wearing livery
(family insignia)
– Passed laws favoring upper middle
class
• Trade, money interests
• Star Chamber
– King’s private council
– No jury present
– Ignore parliament
– Decided property disputes, disturbances
of peace
– Accepted because it kept order
France’s New Monarchy
• Charles VII (1422-1461) and Louis XI of
Valois Family
– Charles expelled English in 1453
• Except Calais
– Reorganized royal council
• Gave more power to middle class
– Built up royal army
• Established regular companies of cavalry,
archers (paid by king)
– Controlled taxes
• Gabelle (salt tax) and Taille (land tax)
– Controlled clergy
• Concordat of Bologna
– Rescinded Pragmatic Sanction (1438)
» Had denied Pope revenue
– Pope received annates ($ from
French clergymen)
– Louis got to appoint bishops and abbots
Spain’s New Monarchy
• Aragon and Castile
– Ferdinand and Isabella united
Spain through marriage
– True unifying force was
Catholicism
• Crusade against Moors
• Inquisition served as
unifying legal force
• Catholicism viewed as
Spanishness
Spain’s New Monarchy
• Catholicism viewed as Spanishness
• Reconquista-Jews and Moors expelled
in 1492
• Moriscos (Muslim converts) and
Marranos (Jewish converts) were
viewed as “unfaithful”
• Inquisition tortured thousands
• Spain emerged as “defender of the
faith”
• Exported Catholicism to New
World
• Crusade mentality permeated
society
Holy Roman Empire’s New Monarchy
• Comprised of 3 States
• Princely States- hereditary
dynasties (Brandenburg)
• Ecclesiastical- Abbacies (owned
vast amounts of territory)
• Imperial Free Cities- (about 50)
bourgeoisie dominated
• Imperial Knights-lords of small
estates (loyal to HRE)
– Emperor
• Elected by Princes (fiercely
independent/jealous)
• By 1452 had dwindled to 7
electors
– Elected Hapsburgs from Austria
• Ruled HRE until 1806
Charles I
Rise of Hapsburgs
Maximilian I (1493-1519)
marries heiress of Burgundy
and Netherlands
Their Son Philip marries Joanna
of Spain (heiress to Ferdinand
and Isabella)
Their son Charles I inherits
Austria, Netherlands, Burgundy,
Spain, New World
Elected HRE in 1519 as
Charles V
His brother Ferdinand is elected
King of Bohemia and Hungary
Fear of Universal Monarchy
spreads
Charles I of Spain and
Charles V of the HRE
Stage is Set for Revolution
•
•
•
•
Image of Church greatly diminished
Few reform-minded leaders in Church
Monarchs are centralizing power
Fear of Universal Monarchy ushers in new
alliances