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Culture Vocabulary Culture Everything that makes up a way of life. Political Totalitarianism The government has “total” control of the entire society and how people run their lives. This type of government can include: oligarchy, theocracy, monarchy and communism. Oligarchy 100% control. The control of the government by a small group of people. Usually, one is considered the leader or head (like a dictator ex: Hitler, Kim Jong Un) Monarchy When a country is ruled by a royal family (100% control) King/queen are born into the job (ex: Saudi Arabia). Constitutional monarchies (50% control) are a combination of a republic and monarchy (ex: Britain). Communism 100% control. An economic and political system. The government controls all elements of people’s lives. The government makes sure that everyone is equal in all things. Everything (property, food, money etc.) is managed by the government so no one has more or less than anyone else. Republic / Democratic Republic 50% control of society. The power rests in the citizens who vote for people to represent them in government. The government has to rule according to the laws of the land in order to protect the freedoms of the people (Ex: in America, we vote for a president and congress who makes decisions for up using the Constitution) Anarchy 0% control of society. Lack of government or recognizable government. People have no official government and therefore no laws or order. Warlords may split up an area, but do not unify it. Theocracy A form of oligarchy when a there is a religious leader, or a place is governed by a religious law (Islamic Afghanistan under the Taliban). This can be in combination of a “republic” (Iran and Sudan) or monarchy. Economy Traditional (0% gov regulation) People produce what they need and trade for goods. There is no money used. This is not common in modern day societies. Command (100% gov regulation) The government controls the economy. They tell people what to make and how much to sell if for. This is usually in totalitarian societies. Market/ Capitalism (0% gov regulation) Complete freedom in the market place. You can do/sell anything however you like and the government cannot tell you if you can or cannot do it. “If you will buy it then we will make it!” Mixed (50% gov regulation) A system that is a combination of command and market. People decide what to make but the government gives rules to keep people safe and businesses honest. “You can sell any car you like, but you need safety belts etc.” This is our modern system. Industrial Revolution (also fits under technology) (began in the 1700’s) Created major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology etc. Used MASS production to create items quickly and by workers- not craftsmen. Religion Monotheism The belief in ONE god. Major religions: Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Polytheism The belief in MANY gods. Major religion: Hinduism. 3 Basic Questions of life all religions answer How did we get here? (Creation story) What is the meaning of life? (Purpose of life) Where do we go when we die? (After-life belief) Social Nuclear Family Two generations live together (parent(s) and children) because they can take care of their needs alone. More common in modern society Extended Family Family unit made of multiple generations living together (grandparents, aunts, uncles, parents, kids etc.) in order to pool resources. Industrial Society There are machines to do make things more efficient (ex: cars to travel, washing machines to clean clothes, factories to make products) Major Social Rule Something punishable by law (ex: burglary, murder, speeding). Minor Social Rule These are social rules and customs. People will laugh or think you are strange if you break a minor social rule, but you will not be arrested. (ex: wearing a bathing suit to school or picking your nose) Social Class A way to rank people. You could be in a higher or lower social classes depending on what you society thinks is important. (ex: money, land, knowledge, religious rank) Language The way people communicate. Losing this is the first step to losing one’s cultural ties. Cultural Interactions Racism Belief that one's race is superior to others (You were born better. It is in your blood). When one singles out, discriminates or passes judgment on another based upon race. Ethnocentrism Believing your culture is better than another culture. (your PERSIA+GT is normal, stronger, and better than others) Culture clash When two cultures’ beliefs/values/norms do not match and often one offends another intentionally or unintentionally. (ex: teddy bear teacher in Sudan, Richard Gere’s kiss in India, Obama’s bow in Japan) Cultural Diffusion One culture influences another. A culture may take an entire idea/activity/tradition or only part of it. Cultural Adaptation An adjustment to one’s culture due to cultural diffusion. Often a culture will be influenced by another culture but only take which parts fit within its own set of values and beliefs. (Ex: “Vegetarian” McDonalds in India, and “Amusement park adjustments” Disney) Political and Economic Scale of Control of Society 100% Totalitarian Oligarchy Communism Theocracy Monarchy Command 50% Republic Constitutional Monarchy Mixed 0% Anarchy Market/Capitalism Traditional Other Useful Words Arable Land Land able to be used for farming Mortality Death rate Export Selling things from the country Import Buying goods from others Matriarchal Oldest woman = head of fam. Patriarchal Oldest Man = head of fam. Agricultural Farming Nomadic Herding Roaming while herding animals Urban City Rural Country Suburban Between urban and rural (NC) Industrialization Has gone through IR- factories Infrastructure The systems that help a society function (roads, police) Literacy The ability to read Suffrage Ability to vote GDP The amount of money a country makes. GDP per capita is how much, on average, a person makes in a year Population density How many people live in a specific area of land