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Def- new system of government based on land ownership and personal service Began During Rome’s Decline • Lack of Law enforcement and protection • Small landowners gave land to larger landowners in return for protection Early German Tribal Custom • German Chiefs divided spoils of war among companies in return for loyalty and military service • Warriors became Lords and passed out their land for the same pledges • At bottom were knights with just enough land to support themselves Feudalism Structure • Person giving the land was a Lord; Person who received land from Lord was called a vassal; the land was called a fief • Both parties signed a contract stating the duties of each: Lords Vassals •Protected vassals/families •Provided military service •Defend their honor •Paid taxes •Gave them justice in court •Gave shelter and entertainment to Lord Vassal Military Service Lord Land (manor) Landowning Nobles Became as Independent as Kings • • • • They settled legal disputes They kept armies They controlled food supply They collected taxes Feudalism: Complicated and Clumsy System • Divided Christianity into 1000’s of local governments • One Lord could be a vassal of other Lords • Kings could be vassals and be one – Example- King John of England was a vassal of French king Phillip Medieval Society •Nobility Clergy Peasants Freemen Nobility • Kings and their vassals • Status was inherited Clergy • Only group educated in subjects other than war • Bishops and high ranking officials lived like lords • Village priests were lower class and had little education Peasants • Bottom of the social scale • Largest group • Nearly all were serfs • Depended on nobles for livelihood • Could never become noble, but could become clergyman and rise within the church Peasants • Many struggled to produce enough food to feed the families • Peasants were not free to leave the manor and were required to ask for permission • To gain freedom a peasant had to save money for his own land or marry a free person Living in a Castle Castle Diagrams Built for Defense Castle Defense • Keep – Stone tower – Provided a safe place during a siege – High walls several feet thick surrounded the building – Moat or ditch ran around the outside wall – Drawbridge controlled the entrance to the castle Interior Rooms • Rooms cold and dark – Hearth fire warmed only small area – No chimneys so rooms often filled with smoke Bedrooms • Beds built on platforms • Canopy with heavy drapes for privacy and to keep out drafts • Falcons, dogs, and even some farm animals slept in same room as family Dining Area • Tables were boards set on saw horses • Food was eaten from a communal trough • Food scraps were thrown to the ground – Animals would eat the scraps – No carpets but rushes spread on floors to lessen cold- became smelly with garbage Manorial System Manor • Estates of the Nobles • Almost all goods and services were produced here Fief • Large fief might include several hundred manors (which might be widely separated from each other). • Small fief might include only 1 manor Manor House • Main part of manor centered around a large fortified house or castle • Lord’s stables, mill, and cookhouse on the estate • Nearby was a church, priest’s house, small village of peasant huts Land of Estate • Lord would divide the meadows and woodlands • Lord took the best land • Peasants used the poorer land for their food crops – Farmland was divided into long strips with dirt ridges separating – Peasants pooled their oxen and plows and farmed together – Would leave some farmland lay fallow- let it recover to plant the next year Serfs • Had to work 2-3 days a week on the Lords land before they did their own work (more time during harvesting and planting) • Paid part of their harvest in taxes • Could not leave manor of their own free will Serfs • Considered to be property • Could not hunt or fish on lord’s land • Uneducated- believed in magic Day-to-Day Running of the Estate • Stewards • Baliffs • Reeves Stewards • • • • Highest Rank Legal advisor to the lord Ran the manor’s court Traveled from manor to manor checking conditions Baliff • Supervised the work of peasants and farming of land • Checked financial accounts • Collected rents and fines Reeve • Helped baliff supervise farm work (foreman) • Large manor might have many reeves • Told lord of peasant’s complaints about officials Women on the Manor • Most were housewives and mothers • Took care of homes and raised large families • Did all kinds of farmwork except plowing – – – – – Planted and harvested Sheared sheep Milked cows Took care of chickens Thatched roofs “Ladies” • Noblewomen • Inherited land and held honors and offices • Because of war ladies ran and defended manors in lords absence • Usually performed medical services too Women and Marriage • All classes married young (usually by 14 years old) • Fathers usually tried to have dowry for daughter – Land or money she took to marriage – Without dowry almost impossible to marry – These arranged marriages seemingly turned out well The Crusades- means “marked with the Cross” Events Leading to the Crusades • By 1089 Muslims had taken Jerusalem and were threatening the Byzantine Empire • Byzantine Emperor (Alexius I) asked the Pope (Pope Urban II) for help Pope Urban II • Called Knights to become crusaders • Promised the forgiveness of sins, freedom from debt, and choice of fiefs in conquered lands • Knights began organizing army Peasant Crusade • Urged by preachers in France and Germany • Aroused by preachers, peasants began killing and pillaging • Few even got to Jerusalem 1st Crusade • Began in 1097; Led by Frankish princes and nobles • Had organized army • Captured Jerusalem in 1099 and mercilessly slaughtered Muslims, Jews and even some Christians • Seized land and created the Crusader States on strip of land along the Mediterranean • Most successful of the Crusades and energetic The Capture of Jerusalem Crusader States 2nd Crusade • 50 years after the first (1147) • Brought on by the Muslims attacking the Crusader States and the fall of Edessa • Led by Louis VII • Overall had little success The Third Crusade • Led by Frederick Barbarossa, Phillip of France, and Richard the Lion-hearted Third Crusade • Began in 1189 AD when Jerusalem was taken by the Muslims • Despite all the fighting, the Crusade failed to recapture Jerusalem • They did however win the right for Christians to visit Jerusalem The 4th Crusade • 1202 AD • Did not fight the Muslims • Captured and sacked Constantinople (fellow Christians) • Set up their own government • Thrown out in 1261 and Byzantine Emperor was restored