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An epic 1000 years in the making… The Seljuk Turks • In 1055, a Turkish leader captured Baghdad and claimed himself sultan, or “holder of power.” • Under new Turkish leadership, the Arab Empire began to increase pressure on their neighbors, the Byzantine Empire… The Council of Clermont (1095) • Byzantine Emperor Alexius I asks western Europe for help against the Turks. • Seeing an opportunity, Pope Urban II challenged Christians to join in a holy war at the Council of Clermont in 1095. – Offered forgiveness of sins for those who participated. Goals of the Crusades… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Save the Byzantine Empire -The Byzantine Empire were threatened by the Turks. Retake Jerusalem -The Islamic Empire (and faith) had been spreading by 638AD it had captured the city of Jerusalem -By 1071AD the Seljuk Turks were persecuting Christians living there. Spread Christianity Increase the power of the Church and the Pope -The Catholic Church knew that, if successful, the Crusades would bring power and prestige to the Church. End the feudal wars among nobility -The Pope hoped that sending knights off to war would reduce the conflicts between nobles at home. So who joined? • The holy war attracts both peasants and nobles – Why? • Religious fervor • Adventure and a change to fight • Wealth and perhaps a title? – Overall, between 100,000 – 200,000 volunteer To Constantinople! • Peasants and nobles from all over Western Europe make their way to Constantinople. – There, they must take an oath to Alexius I before continuing. The First Crusade • Few members of the Peasants’ Crusade ever reach Constantinople. – Pillaged, stole, and murdered along the way. • The main Crusade led by the nobles successfully takes Jerusalem in 1099. • After, most of the crusaders returned home. – Some stay to establish the Four Crusader States. – “Islands of Christianity in a hostile sea of Islam” The Second Crusade X • Muslim forces recaptured Edessa in the 1140’s. • Crusade sent to retake it fails miserably. – Gives Muslim forces a confidence boost. The Third Crusade • Muslim leader Saladin retakes Jerusalem in 1187. • Crusade is sent to retake it – Is successful at first • Capture Acre – Later misfortunes ruin the Crusade • Do not recapture Jerusalem – Establish a treaty with Saladin to allow safe passage for pilgrims visiting Jerusalem. – Richard the Lionhearted X The Fourth Crusade • Pope Innocent III tries to establish the Fourth Crusade as a holy cause – Instead, it is led by Venetians who sack Constantinople in 1204. • Were an economic competitor And the rest… • There were several other Crusades of varying focus and success. • Children’s Crusades – Italian Children’s Crusade is sent home by the Pope. – French Children’s Crusade ends in tragedy. Goals of the Crusades… Accomplished? 1. Save the Byzantine Empire - Failed – Byzantine Empire is weakened and Constantinople is sacked in 1204! 2. Retake Jerusalem - Failed – Jerusalem remains in Muslim control. 3. Spread Christianity - Failed – Islamic world is left united and strengthened 4. Increase the power of the Church and the Pope - Success – Papacy gains much power (at first) 5. End the feudal wars among nobility -Success – Stops feudal warfare, unites kingdoms, and helps end feudalism overall