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Church Reform & the Crusades Around 1000, a spiritual revival extended across Europe Three problems were facing the church 1). Numerous village priests were married and had families 2). The selling of positions in the Church by bishops – called Simony 3). Lay investiture • Reforms began at the Benedictine monastery at Cluny, France • Monks there followed the Benedictine rule • Cluny gained a reputation for virtue • By 1000, 300 monasteries were under Cluny’s leadership • In 1098 another order was founded named Cistercian (white monks) • Different reform popes, Leo IX and Gregory VII would enforce laws against simony & marriage of priests during the 11th century • The popes created a group of advisors called the papal Curia (after the Roman term). It acted as a court • They would travel throughout Christendom and would hear cases based upon Canon Law. • By the 12th century they would be hearing thousands of cases each year, some involving kings. This would increase the Pope’s authority. • In the 1200’s another group of monks were formed called friars. • Unlike monks they lived among society • Friars owned nothing and lived by begging • The 2 groups that had the biggest impact were the Dominicans (black monks because of their cape) and the Franciscans • Francis, from Assisi Italy came from a well to do background. But he was driven by the desire to help everyone, human and animal. • A soldier he had a conversion after a sermon saying take nothing, and go forth and tell everyone that the Kingdom of Heaven was at hand • Francis and his friend, Clare, (shown here – Francis is cutting her hair), started a female version called the Poor Clares • Unlike men they were not allowed to travel (for obvious safety reasons) • They too would live in poverty and work to help the poor and needy. Bamburg Cathedral • Church styles would change with time. The above church is built in the Romanesque style, popular between 8001100. They tended to have a fortress-like look to them • In early 1100,s a new style called Gothic evolved (named after the Germanic tribe, the Goths) • Shown is Chartres Cathedral (13th century), France. It is considered one of the 3 greatest in France Sainte Chapelle haute. Paris, France (Gothic refers to all the arts, stained-glass, woodcarvings, etc) Salisbury Cathedral, England • Westminster Abbey – Norman, Romanesque, and Gothic, all rolled into one The Coronation Chair (which is in front of the tomb of Henry V) Final resting place for Queen Elizabeth I (in Westminster Abbey, London, England Tomb of Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) The Crusades • In 1093, the Byzantine emperor, Alexius Comnenus sent a letter to Robert, Count of Flanders. • It was also read by Pope Urban II • He asked for help against the Muslim Turks who had been encroaching on his empire • Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont sermonizing to take back the Holy Land in what he termed a “holy war” • The original goal of the Crusades was to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks • But there were other reasons as well … One reason was to get the unruly knights out of Europe so the population could have some peace It offered opportunity to the younger sons who wouldn’t inherit land from their fathers The Pope guaranteed a place in heaven for those who joined the Crusades • Italian merchants made lots of money transporting crusaders to the Holy Land & Constantinople. • The merchants of Venice, Genoa, & Pisa were hoping to capture key trade routes to the east from the Muslim traders. • Leaving before the army a people’s crusade of 100,000 led by Peter the Hermit headed towards Constantinople. The were ill-prepared and were constantly looking for food. Attacked and harassed, they arrived 2 years later with about 30,000 (these were not soldiers.) • In 1097, 3 armies of knights and people of all classes gathered outside Constantinople • Over 70,000 were ferried across the Bosporus (Alexius would only let 6 at a time enter his city and would have taken too long) Once in Turkish lands the people’s crusade split from the army. They were easy prey for the Turks – most were killed and the rest sold into slavery. Peter escaped and joined in with the knights. Along the way to Constantinople the the People’s Crusade and then the knights would practice their fighting skills by killing unarmed Jews in Germany (if they refused to convert). Numbers vary but probably over 10,000 were killed in Germany alone • On their way to Jerusalem, some crusaders couldn’t resist taking a few cities along the way and dispatching infidels too. • Unfortunately the people that lived in the cities were Christians not Muslims. Oh well… • All together the Crusaders killed over 80,000 people with most being Jews or Christians On July 15, 1099 the Crusaders captured Jerusalem – the crusades would conquer a thin strip of land from Jerusalem to Antioch which would be split into 4 states • 45 years later Edessa would be captured by the Turks and then Jerusalem by their greatest leader, Saladin. • This would lead to the 2nd Crusade which accomplished nothing • The 3rd Crusade was the Crusader’s All Star team. • It was their best chance to regain Jerusalem… but it failed. • The only city of importance they captured was Acre • Even though Saladin had made the 1st of 3 payments to Richard for 2700 hostages, Richard had them marched out to the sea and slaughtered The All-Star cast didn’t help. Frederick (BarBarossa) drowned en route, the French king, Philip, argued with Richard I (Lionheart), and went back to France Even though he was king of England (remember, Eleanor’s son), he was buried in France • • • There were other Crusades The 4th only went to Constantinople and the Crusaders decided they traveled far enough, sacked the city and held it for 60 years The Children’s Crusade was about as successful as the peoples one – they never got to Constantinople • The 7th & 8th were led by Louis IX (the only ruler to lead 2 crusades). Both were disasters. • There were more positives than negatives from the Crusades due to the exposure to Muslim culture, goods from SE Asia. But religious intolerance by the Crusaders was incorporated by the Muslims after they ended. Over on the Iberian peninsula, the Spanish & Portuguese were having their own Crusade. Fighting for 700 years against the Moors (N. African Muslims) they were finally driven out in 1492. This would lead to the Inquisition which the church lead to root out heresy. It successfully expelled all Jews & Muslims from Spain. (Consequently it would lead to their decline) Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution • Climate warmed between 800 – 1200 • Farmers developed land previously too cold for crops • Switching from two-field to three-field system allowed them to produce a third more food. • Forested land was cleared, more food produced, and population increased • Changed from oxen to horse for plowing when a harness that fit across the chest was produced • With the Crusades, trade in local & foreign goods began to increase • These would make manors obsolete • Guilds – an association of people who worked at the same occupation. It was like a union. They could control prices and quality • One had to rise to the level of master to be accepted in the guild • Borrowing money was prohibited by the Church – to Christians, that is because lending money for interest, or usury, was a sin • Jews were kept out of guilds and from owning land so they had to resort to lending money to survive • Later, realizing they were missing out on a good thing, the church relaxed their rules about charging interest As trade increased, towns were formed at crossroads, ports, rivers, etc. • Bathing was, in most places in Europe, thought to actually be unhealthy • Unlike Roman cities which were organized, Medieval towns were built haphazardly. Sanitation was nonexistent, waste was just tossed out of windows, homes lacked running water • The custom was if a serf could live in a town for 366 days they were given their freedom • As the towns and trade progressed, towns began to flex their economic muscles. Burghers, or town dwellers worked to have the right to govern their own towns Oxford University, England Next to come were the universities. Oxford isn’t one college, but a collection of 38 colleges. It began sometime in the 1100’s • It was an opportunity for sons of burghers and well to do artisans to get a job with the government or the church A typical degree in theology might take 5-7 years – a masters would take 12 years. • The 2nd oldest University in Britain is Cambridge.. Shown is Kings College, which was begun in 1209 • Trinity in front & Kings behind. Trinity was founded by Henry VIII Some writers began to use vernacular – the everyday language of their homeland The 2 most famous writers in the vernacular were Dante (Divine Comedy), and Chaucer (Canterbury Tales). Both are credited with standardizing their languages (Italian which Dante coined the term, and English). These are the most accurate pictures of the 2 authors. • In the 1204 when the Venetians captured Constantinople, they found many documents that had been lost to the west • These and the Muslim libraries got them reacquainted with the Greek greats • • • Christian scholars began to visit Muslim libraries in Spain in the 1100’s. One theologian, Thomas Aquinas was one that attempted to use Aristotle’s logical approach to truth but still kept faith with the Bible. He wrote Summa Theologica. Scholars who met at universities were called schoolmen, or scholastics