Download Arab World - David W. Butler High School

Warm Up
• Analyze the map on p. 402, regarding Europe in
1095.
• Answer the “analyze and predict” questions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Agenda/Obj: Analyze the rise and spread of Islam
and its influence on the crusades, as well as
Christianity in the Late Middle Ages.
On Islam…
• Usually I go into great explanation on this topic as I
heavily studied it in graduate school and also
taught an entire course on “Middle Eastern
Studies”, thus PLEASE read your textbook for
further insight into early Islam and the early Middle
East. IT IS FASCINATING and highly
misunderstood in our current society due to modern
fanaticism and radical people interpreting it in a
VERY extreme way.
• Just as the KKK doesn’t represent every white
Christian in the USA, the radical Muslims do not
represent their whole faith.
Early Arab World
• Nomadic people
• Polytheistic
– believed Abraham built
kaaba at Mecca
• See picture
• Believed in supreme
god called Allah
•
John Green-Islam
Mohammed 570-632 AD
• Orphaned
– raised by uncle, Abu Talib
• Caravan leader (contact with monotheism)
• Troubled by gap between rich and poor
• Meditated- visions of angel Gabriel from God
– Recorded= Koran (Quran)
• Preached in Mecca
– Jews/ Polytheistic people chased him out, fled to
Medina 622 AD (hijrah)
• Converted people in Medina
– returned to Mecca w/ an army,
– conquered city 630 AD,
– smashed polytheistic idols
– Introduction of Monotheism “al ilah”= the God
Muslim Teachings
•
•
•
•
Monotheistic – Allah (“God” in Arabic language)
Holy book –Quran
Islam= “submission”; Muslim= “one who submits”
Must follow 5 Pillars of Islam
– Belief: “there is no god but Allah and Mohammed is his
messenger”
– Prayer: 5 times a day facing Mecca
– Charity: give to the poor
– Fasting: dawn to dusk during Ramadan
– Pilgrimage: travel to Mecca once in life (hajj)
• Salvation by following will of Allah
– Religion of action (Judaism- heritage; Christianity- belief)
Culture of Islam
• Mohammed- last/greatest prophet
– Abraham, Moses, Noah, Jesus= ALL important in Islam
• Mosques – places of Muslim worship
• Trade- main activity
– Islam spread through conquest and trade
• Women had more rights under Islam
– pre-Islamic tribal culture was harsh
– Women were to be protected within Islam
– over time lost rights through interpretation
• Patriarchal – men could have up to 4 wives
Islamic World
Mosque
Creation of the Islamic Empire
After Mohammed’s Death
• No clear successor
• Abu Bakr became caliph
– Islamic leader/Mohammed’s successor
• Took over Arabian Peninsula (jihad)
– conquered Syria, Egypt, old Persian Empire
• Abu Bakr’s death- series of caliphs
Umayyad Dynasty 661-750 AD
Umayyad Dynasty
• Moved capital to Damascus, Syria
• Marched across N. Africa and into Europe
–
–
–
–
700 AD conquered Berbers
710 AD crossed Gibraltar into Spain
725 AD controlled Spain, capital at Cordoba
732 AD defeated by Charles Martel at battle of
Tours (France)
• Built Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
• People felt Umayyads favored certain people,
led to downfall of dynasty
Battle of Tours
Split in Islam
• Hussein led revolt against Umayyad rulers
– outnumbered and defeated but led to split in
Islam:
– Shiite Muslims –
• only descendents of Ali (Mohammad’s son-in-law)
are true leaders of Islam (imams)
• mostly in Iran/Iraq
– Sunni Muslims –believe leader should be
chosen by council
Seljuk Turks
• Conquered eastern Arab
world by 11th Century
AD
• 1055 AD took over
Baghdad, proclaimed
their ruler sultan – holder
of power
• 1071 AD defeated
Byzantines to take over
Asia Minor
Art, Literature, and Architecture
• Quran seen as greatest literature
– minaret (tower to call people to pray)
• Not allowed to make human images, so
repeated geometric patterns to form
arabesques
• Palaces- constructed w/ huge fortifications,
– borrowed by Europeans for castles
Art and Architecture
prophet
deity
Belief in 1 god
List the 5
Pillars of
Islam
What are some
areas where Islam
has spread?
ISLAM
Holy book
followers
Islam and the early Arab World
Directions: Fill in the following boxes using your textbook.
Sunni beliefs:
Shiite/Shia beliefs:
Islamic Beliefs/Practices
Umayyad Dynasty
Contact with Christians/ Europeans
Islamic Achievements
Islam and the early Arab World
Directions: Put the following terms/people/events in the correct box.
Islamic Beliefs/Practices
Umayyad Dynasty
Following 5 Pillars of Islam
Not drinking
Have up to 4 wives
Women= modest
Read the Quran in Arabic
Expanded Islam
Across Northern Africa
Into Europe
-Spain & France
Contact with Christians/ Europeans
Islamic Achievements
Invasion of Constantinople
Crusades in Middle East/ Jerusalem
Invasion/ occupation of Spain
Battle of Tours- France
Indian number system
Medical knowledge
Algebra
Navigational tools (astrolabe)
The Crusades
Military expeditionsEuropean Christians trying
to recapture Jerusalem
from the Muslims
Most European Christians
were French
had religious zeal,
 also wanted wealth,
glory, power, bloodlust
Were told by the
church if they “killed
infidels” they would go
to heaven.
Also attacked
Christians and Jews on
the way to Jerusalem
Crusades 11th-13th Centuries
• Pope Urban II– saw Byzantine request for help as excuse to take power,
preached 1st Crusade 1095 AD (told people it was “Christian
duty” to fight)
• 1st Crusade 1095-1099, bloody fighting, Christians
conquered Jerusalem, Antioch
– Set up 4 Crusader kingdoms, great trade opportunity for
Venice, Genoa, etc.
• 2nd Crusade, Muslims rebuilt power, attacked and
retook all land Christians won in 1st Crusade
3rd Crusade c. 1189 AD
• Led by Frederick Barbarossa (Holy Roman
Empire), Richard I (England), and Phillip II
(France)
– Big problems, Frederick drowned, Phillip returned to
France, Richard negotiated peace
• Saladin – Muslim leader, great warrior, leader,
very merciful
– Richard and Saladin had great respect for one
another
3rd Crusade - Acre
4th Crusade and MORE….
• Pope Innocent III called for 4th Crusade
– Instead of helping, Crusaders sacked Constantinople
and killed Christians
• Byzantines regained control 1261 AD
• Children’s Crusade to Rome, sent home
• Effects of Crusades:
– Kings took land from knights who didn’t return
– Greater trading power to Venice, Italian citystates
– Widespread persecution of Jews in Europe
– Knowledge of Muslim culture in Europe