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Gothic art: Originally used to describe northern European architecture from the 12thC to the 16thC (a non-classical architecture). the term was extended. as a term of abuse. to apply to all the arts of that preRenaissance period. 'Gothic' was seen as the work of the Goths rather than 'the ancients' and therefore barbaric. An emphasis on verticals. such as pointed arches and rib-vaulting; carved decoration; elongation of form to express religious feeling; and brilliant color - all were parts of the style. Above all. Gothic art was 'transcendental'. Duomo of Siena It is built in Tuscan Gothic style by Giovanni Pisano, replete with gargoyles. For additional information on this structure and its history go to this site. http://www.essentialrchitecture.com/STYLE/STY-ME05.htm Saint-Jacques Abbey The Benedictine abbey of Saint-Jacques was founded in 1015. The actual church, constructed from 1514 to 1538 is a gem of flamboyant gothic architecture. http://www.visitbelgium.com/?page=Abb ey-Road Gothic architecture originated in Normandy and Burgundy in the 12th century. It was essentially the style of the Catholic countries of Europe, including Hungary and Poland, and attained its highest excellence in France and England. It developed forms on a regional basis, often of great complexity and beauty, and was used for nonreligious buildings as well as for cathedrals, churches, and monasteries. Church of the former Trinity abbey in the provincial town Vendôme in the Département Loiret-Cher/France - facade with Wimperg above the main entrance and tracery in the Flamboyant style of the late Gothic. http://commons.wikimedi a.org/wiki/Category:Goth ic_architecture In Gothic architecture thrusts were as far as possible resisted by counter-thrusts, and the final resultant pressure was transmitted by flying half-arches across the intervening portions of the structure to external buttresses placed at convenient points. This combination 186 of flying half-arches and buttresses is called the flying-buttress (Fig. 107). It reached its highest development in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in the cathedrals of central and northern France. The Crusades 1096 to 1291 1st Crusade 1096 – 1099 2nd Crusade 1147-1149 3rd Crusade 1189-1192 4th Crusade 1201-1204 & Later Crusades… Art of the Crusades Era The era of the Great Crusades encompass two periods in the art in Europe. It spans the end of the Romanesque style and the beginning of Gothic art, the former ending around the middle of the 12th century. The Romanesque cathedral at Vezelay (1100 AD). This is where Bernard of Clairvaux preached the Second Crusade. EARLY GOTHIC FLYING BUTTRESS. Gothic Architecture http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson /m0001560.html A TEXT-BOOK OF THE History of Architecture This is an excellent source site for architectural information. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/26319/26319-h/arch1.html Gothic Art and Architecture http://autocww.colorado.edu/~toldy2/E64ContentFiles/Perio dsAndStyles/Gothic.html French Gothic Period information http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Art/DF_art3.shtml St. Vitus Cathedral at the Prague Castle (Gothic) http://www.prag ue.cz/st-vituscathedral/ http://www.historyforkids.org/ learn/medieval/architecture/r omanesque.htm Sainte-Foy Conques, France, c. 1050-1120 is a nice illustration of the massive quality of Romanesque buildings. The Romanesque Period Romanesque architecture was a combination of features from Roman and Byzantine structures characterized by heavy, round-arched churches. Romanesque churches had thick walls, close-set columns, and small windows. Designed to accommodate large crowds of lay worshipers, it has a long nave and transept. The vaulted nave eliminated the hazard of fire that was a common problem with the wooden roofs of earlier churches. The design of the church is a Latin cross. It was during this period that the Christian church donned the role of the militant leader. It was the duty of the church to fight the dark powers on earth until the end of the world as described in Revelations. The crusaders became representatives of this militant church as they set out to seize Jerusalem from the Muslims, claiming this Holy City in the name of Christianity (Gombrich, 120). The art, architecture, and furnishings of the church all reflected this viewpoint--most characteristically, the sculptures. The Crusades This site offers a variety of items reference the Crusades from banner identification, to leading figures and maps. http://the-crusades.info/ Music at the time of the Crusades Site provides examples of music for play. http://www.passionato.com/release/3569022/ music-at-the-time-of-the-crusades/ Music of the Crusades Era The Temptation of Christ, ca. 1125 This illumination from the Gospel Book of Abbot Wedricus, entitled St. John the Evangelist, shows conventional emblems placed around the figure of St. John. In illuminated manuscripts, the artists could dispense with the mandates of natural illusion and space and arrange the figures and forms in a purely ornamental fashion. http://www.umich.edu/~marcons/Crusades /topics/art/art-article.html (This site provides other related links.) Mystical Mill Romanesque Sculpture Bas-relief from the nave of the 12th century Basilica of Saint Mary Magdalene. IMAGE: © Marc Garanger/CORBIS Cloister of Saint-Guilhemle-Désert, before 1206 (with 14th-century additions) French (near Montpellier) Limestone Initial V from a Bible, ca. 1175– 1195 French; From the Abbey of Pontigny Tempera on parchment ROMANESQUE ART AND ARCHITECTURE From the History Channel (History.com) Covers a number of countries. http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=220891 French Romanesque Period information http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Art/DF_art2.shtml Site discusses the historical information of music development during the era. http://www.umich.edu/~marcons/Crusades/topics/music/m usic-article.html Arab Music Site offers historical information on music and instruments along with music excerpts playable directly from the site. http://trumpet.sdsu.edu/M151/Arab_Music1.html The Metropolitan Museum of Art http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rmsq/ho_25.120.1.134.htm Pictures from Prague in the Czech Republic http://chriskahanek.com/italy/Praha/praha.htm Romanesque Architecture 1000 - 1140 http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Arts/Architec/Midd leAgesArchitectural/RomanesqueArchitecture/Romanes queArchitectureIllustrations/RomanesqueArchitectureIll ustrations.htm WEB Gallery of Art Romanesque stained glass windows (Site covers 12th thru 16th centuries) http://www.wga.hu/framese.html?/html/zgothic/stained/12c/index.html