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THE AGE OF EXPLORATION 15TH AND 16TH CENTURY AN OVERVIEW BACKGROUND- 15TH CENTURY RISE OF NATIONALISM AMONG THE NEW NATION-STATES OF EUROPE EMERGENCE OF POWERFUL NEW NATION-STATES WITH ASSERTIVE MONARCHS INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS EXPANSION OF TRADE AND BUSINESS ACTIVITY RENAISSANCE QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE Crusades MOTIVATING FACTORS FOR EUROPEAN EXPANSION DESIRE TO ENHANCE NATIONAL PRESTIGE (NATIONALISM) – NATIONAL WEALTH AND TERRITORY – PRESTIGE FOR MONARCHS POSSIBILITY OF PERSONAL WEALTH, FAME, AND SOCIAL PRESTIGE QUEST FOR NEW GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE DESIRE TO SPREAD CHRISTIANITY INTENSIFYING INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION AMONG THE POWERFUL NATION-STATES OF EUROPE DESIRE TO FIND NEW TRADE ROUTES TO THE EAST – INCREASE PROFITS NEW TECHNOLOGIES THAT IMPACTED EXPLORATION BETTER AND FASTER SHIP DESIGN PRINTING PRESS MORE RELIABLE MAGNETIC COMPASS THE INVENTION OF THE CLOCK – ALLOWED FOR NEW NAVIGATIONAL METHODS- EVENTUALLY LONGITUDE ASTROLABE- LATITUDE NAVIGATION MORE ACCURATE MAPS GUN POWDER AND NEW WEAPONS – CANNONS AND MUSKETS CARAVEL A Viking Ship PRINTING PRESS ASTROLABE NEW WEAPONS IMPROVED COMPASS MAJOR NATION- STATES INVOLVED IN EXPLORATION PORTUGAL WEST AFRICA PARTS OF ASIA SOUTH AMERICA (Brazil) MAJOR EMPHASIS WAS ON TRADE GOLD SLAVE TRADE-WEST AFRICA NEW PRODUCTS AND SPICES PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR OF PORTUGAL National policies strongly supported exploration and trade Portugal had a long tradition of navigation and trade Sets up trading ports called factories Sets up school for navigators Portuguese Explorers Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope. Vasco de Gama reaches India and returns with a ship full of goods. Spain Envious of Portugal's success, Christopher Columbus convinces the King and Queen to commission a trip west to find a better trade route to India. Tensions between Spain and Portugal grow. LINE OF DEMARCATION The Dutch & English Own the largest fleet in the world. 20,000 vessels Dutch East India company develop a stronger. Elizabeth I, established the English East India Company in a attempt to drive the Dutch out. Confucian culture modern concept of political nation state Chinese defined by Confucian culture civil service exam (605-1905) – social mobility – reward diligence, discipline, and willpower, but not talent or innovation law of avoidance China Limits European Contacts The Rise of the Ming • Hongwu—peasant’s son who leads army that forces Mongols from China • First Ming emperor, he begins agricultural and government reforms • His son, Yonglo, becomes next emperor; moves royal court to Beijing • In 1405, he launches first of voyages of exploration China Under the Powerful Ming Dynasty The Voyages of Zheng He • Chinese admiral Zheng He leads seven long voyages • Distributes gifts to show China’s superiority Ming Relations with Foreign Countries • In 1500s, Chinese government controls all contact with outsiders • Government policies favor farming over manufacturing and merchants • Christian missionaries bring European ideas to China Zheng He’s fleet (1405 - 1433) Over 300 ships & 20,000 men trade and commerce Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and East Africa Zheng He’s expeditions Zhou Man He was born into a wealthy merchant family in the year 1378 when he was six years old, his father died on an overseas voyage to Korea explored wide reaches of the Indian Ocean mapped the Pacific coast of North America Japan Returns to Isolation A New Feudalism Under Strong Leaders Local Lords Rule • In 1467, civil war destroys old feudal system in Japan • Period from 1467 to 1568 is called time of the “Warring States” • Daimyo—warrior-chieftains—are lords in new feudal system • Emperor is figurehead with no real power • Daimyo build armies of mounted samurai and gun- bearing infantry Japanese Explorers Tanaka Shosuke – important Japanese technician and trader in metals from Kyoto – He is the first recorded Japanese to have travelled to the Americas in 1610 – helped establish trade and diplomatic relations between Japan and the Spanish Empire Japanese Explorers Naomi Uemura – He was particularly well known for doing alone what had previously been achieved only with large teams. For example, he was the first person ever to reach the North Pole solo the first ever to raft the Amazon solo and the first ever to climb Mount Mckinley solo. Japanese Explorers Yamada Nagamasa – adventurer who gained considerable influence in Thailand – helped Japan develop relationships with Siam Contact Between Europe and Japan Portugal Sends Ships, Merchants, and Technology to Japan • In 1540s, European traders begin arriving; welcomed by Japanese • European firearms change Japanese way of fighting Christian Missionaries in Japan • In 1549, first Christian missionaries arrive • By 1600, about 300,000 Japanese are Christians • Japan’s rulers upset by this, ban Christianity • After 1637 rebellion, Christianity is forbidden in Japan NEXT Portuguese in Japan The Atlantic World, 1492–1800 Europeans explore and colonize the Americas, disrupting native civilizations, and build the slave trade to support plantations in the New World. Christopher Columbus, Spanish explorer, as young man. NEXT FERDINAND AND ISABELLA OF SPAIN SUPPORTED EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION COLUMBUS- ITALIAN LED THREE VOYAGES TO THE NEW WORLD Spain Builds an American Empire The Voyages of Columbus First Encounters • Sea captain Christopher Columbus reaches Americas (1492) • Thinks he is in East Indies, calls natives “los indios”—Indians • Unable to find gold, he claims many islands for Spain • In 1493, he sets out for the Americas again with a large fleet • Spain aims to set up colonies—lands controlled by a foreign nation The Voyages of Columbus Other Explorers Take to the Seas • Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal (1500) • Amerigo Vespucci identifies South America as new continent (1501) • In 1507, German mapmaker names the continent America • Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches the Pacific Ocean • Ferdinand Magellan leaves to sail around the world (1519) • Magellan is killed, but some of his men return to Spain in 1522 BALBOA CROSSING THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA – First European to reach Pacific from New World Colonizes the island of Hispaniola MAGELLAN-PORTUGUESE MAGELLAN DID NOT SURVIVE THE VOYAGE OF THE 270 MEN WHO BEGAN THE VOYAGE AROUND THE GLOBE, ONLY 18 FINISHED THE AND RETURNED TO SPAIN VASCO DA GAMA- PORTUGUESE CORONADO Spanish Conquests in Mexico Conquistadors • In 1519, Hernando Cortés—Spanish adventurer— lands in Mexico • He and others become known as conquistadors—Spanish conquerors Cortés Conquers the Aztecs • Cortés and 600 men reach Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán • By 1521, they conquer Aztec empire • Conquest aided by superior weapons, Native American allies • European diseases wipe out large numbers of Aztecs CORTES- SPANISH Spanish Conquests in Peru Another Conquistador • Spanish conqueror Francisco Pizarro leads force to Peru in 1532 Spain’s Pattern of Conquest • Spanish men and Native American women have children • Result is large mestizo—mixed Spanish and native— population • Encomienda system—Spanish force Native Americans to work for them The Portuguese in Brazil In 1530s, Portuguese settle in Brazil, begin growing sugar PIZARRO- SPANISH PIZARRO-CONQUEST OF THE INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU INCAN EMPIRE IN PERU ENCOMIENDA TRIBUTE LABOR SYSTEM – NATIVE PEOPLES WERE REQUIRED TO GIVE LABOR TO THE EUROPEAN SETTLERS MINING SILVER MINES AT POTOSI VAST AMOUNTS OF GOLD AND SILVER WERE SENT TO SPAIN FROM THE NEW WORLD PRIMARY LABOR FORCE WAS THE INDEGENOUS POPULATION PLANTATIONSSUGAR BECAME A MAJOR EXPORT CROP NATIVE PEOPLES AND AFRICAN SLAVES WORKED THE FARMS Spain’s Influence Expands Growth of Spanish Power • Conquests in Americas bring great wealth to Spain • Spain enlarges its navy to protect ships carrying treasure Conquistadors Push North • Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain (1513) • In 1540s, Francisco Coronado explores Southwest, finds little gold • Catholic priests set up missions in Southwest • In early 1600s, Spanish establish capital of Santa Fe Opposition to Spanish Rule Protests Against Mistreatment • Catholic priests protest mistreatment of Native Americans African Slavery and Native Resistance • Spain abolishes encomienda system (1542) • Need for workers in mines and on farms met with enslaved Africans • Some Native Americans resist Spanish conquerors • In 1680, Popé leads rebellion against Spanish in modern New Mexico • Spanish driven out, but return 12 years later to stay Bartolome de Las Casas See page 560 in your textbook for opposing views of Columbus’s historic journey. European Nations Settle North America Competing Claims in North America Other European Claims in North America • French, English, Dutch start colonies in North America Explorers Establish New France • Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec • New France—French colony in North America • New France includes Great Lakes and Mississippi River valley A Trading Empire • New France is very large but has few inhabitants • Main activity of the colony is the fur trade The English Arrive in North America The First English Colony • King James permits investors to start North American colony • In 1607, colonists found Jamestown—English settlement in Virginia The Settlement at Jamestown • Early years very difficult; many die, but settlement takes hold Puritans Create a “New England” • Pilgrims—group persecuted for religion—found Plymouth in 1620 • Puritans—group seeking religious freedom—settle in Massachusetts • Many families in Massachusetts colony, which begins to grow continued The English Arrive in North America The Dutch Found New Netherland • In 1609, Henry Hudson explores waterways for Dutch • Dutch claim land, found New Netherland—now Albany and New York City • Dutch focus on fur trade; welcome settlers from other lands Colonizing the Caribbean • European nations also start colonies in Caribbean • Large cotton, sugar plantations worked by enslaved Africans Dutch Trade The Struggle for North America The English Oust the Dutch • New Netherland splits northern, southern English colonies • In 1664, English force Dutch colonists to surrender control • By 1750, about 1.2 million English settlers in 13 colonies England Battles France • English settlers, pushing west, collide with French possessions • French and Indian War—part of Seven Years’ War—begins (1754) • In 1763, France loses to Britain, gives up its American colonies Native Americans Respond A Strained Relationship • French and Dutch fur traders get along well with Native Americans • English settlers and Native Americans disagree over land, religion Settlers and Native Americans Battle • Hostility often breaks out into war • Native American ruler Metacom launches attacks on colonists in 1675 Natives Fall to Disease • Wars are less deadly to Native Americans than European diseases • Colonists use enslaved Africans to work in place of Native Americans Section 3 The Atlantic Slave Trade To meet their growing labor needs, Europeans enslave millions of Africans in the Americas. NEXT SLAVE TRADE – WEST AFRICA Sect. 3 African slaves were brought to the New World to primarily work in agriculture Portugal was the major slave trading European nation SECTION 3 The Atlantic Slave Trade The Causes of African Slavery The Demand for Africans 1. Africans had been exposed to European disease 2. Experienced farmers 3. Could not escape, did not know their way around 4. Skin color made them easier to catch NEXT SECTION 3 continued The Causes of African Slavery Spain and Portugal Lead the Way • By 1650, about 300,000 enslaved Africans in Spanish colonies • Portugal brings many more slaves to sugar plantations in Brazil NEXT SECTION 3 Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas England Dominates the Slave Trade • From 1690 to 1807, England dominates slave trade • About 400,000 enslaved Africans brought to North American colonies African Cooperation and Resistance • Many African rulers capture people to be sold into slavery • Later, some rulers protest the trade NEXT Number of people enslaved • 30 million taken from their homes •10 million die during capture phase •10 million die during middle passage •10 million survive to make it over the ocean 69 Phases of the Slave Trade Capture: •Most captured 50-100 miles inland •Tribes often did not have a choice in helping capture neighbors “divide and conquer” 70 Phases of the Slave Trade Capture: Cape Coast Castle, Gold Coast, 1727 Christiansborg Castle, Gold Coast, ca. 1750 71 Slave Forts A Forced Journey The Triangular Trade • Triangular trade—trade network linking Europe, Africa, Americas • One trade route: - manufactured goods move from Europe to Africa - people move from Africa to Americas - sugar, coffee, tobacco move from Americas to Europe NEXT The Middle Passage 20% of Africans die No bathroom Very little food Poor medical care Rebellions Suicide Length of Trip Disease Trauma Slavery in the Americas A Harsh Life • In Americas, captured Africans sold at auction to highest bidder • Life is difficult: long work hours; poor food, housing, clothing Resistance and Rebellion • Africans maintain musical, cultural traditions • Some resist by breaking tools or working slowly • Some run away or take part in revolts NEXT Phases of the Slave Trade West African expectations about slavery: •Slaves were not slaves for life •A slave’s child would not be a slave 78 SECTION 3 Consequences of the Slave Trade Results in Africa and the Americas • African societies suffer from loss of so many people • African families disrupted • In Americas, labor of enslaved people helps build new societies • Enslaved Africans affect culture in Americas • Population in Americas changes NEXT Middle Passage Capture of Slaves Section 4 The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade The colonization of the Americas introduces new items into Eastern and Western hemispheres. NEXT SECTION 4 The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade The Columbian Exhange The Columbian Exchange • Columbian Exchange—global transfer of food, plants, animals • Corn, potatoes from Americas become crops in Eastern Hemisphere • New animals, plants introduced by Europeans take hold in Americas • European diseases kill millions of Native Americans NEXT SECTION 4 Global Trade Changing Economies • Wealth from Americas, growth of trade changes business in Europe The Rise of Capitalism • New economic system—capitalism—based on private property, profit • Increase in business leads to inflation—rising in Europe • Hauls of gold, silver from Americas cause high inflation in Spain Joint-Stock Companies • Joint-stock company lets investors share risk, profits of business • These companies help fund colonies in America NEXT SECTION 4 The Growth of Mercantilism New Economic Policy • Policy of mercantilism emphasizes national wealth as source of power Balance of Trade • One way for nation to increase wealth: gather gold, silver • Favorable balance of trade when nation sells more goods than it buys • Colonies provide raw materials that home country uses to make goods Continued . . . NEXT SECTION 4 continued The Growth of Mercantilism Economic Revolution Changes European Society Image • Economic changes spur growth of towns, rise of merchant class • Still, most people are poor and live in rural areas NEXT