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■ Essential Question: What are the similarities & differences among the Spanish, French, Dutch & British patterns of colonization in America? ■ Warm-Up Questions: –What key changes in Europe took place in the 15th & 16th centuries that allowed for overseas colonization? –How did European exploration in America impact native peoples? Motivations for Exploration ■ During the Renaissance, a desire for new trade routes to Asia led to an Age of Exploration: –Led by Spain & Portugal, explorers found new trade routes, colonies, & people to Christianize –Colonization in North America led to destruction of Indian culture, permanent settlements for whites, & wealth for European nations Means: Motivation & Means of Exploration • Better ships Key Motivation of Explorers: (caravels) • Better • A search for new knowledge (Renaissance) navigation • The 3 “Gs”: tools: 1. GOLD: A desire for wealth, new markets for Astrolabe & trade, a desire to escape poverty in1.Europe sextant 2. GLORY: A desire by European kings to develop 2. Magnetic large overseas empires or for individual compass explorers to make a name for themselves 3. Maps with 3. GOD: A desire by European Christians & (Catholics) to convert people to theirlongitude faith latitude Voyages of European Exploration Samuel Champlain founded after Christopher Columbus “discovered” America VascoQuebec da Gama found India failing looking to find for Four aawestward NW passage route to to India India byFerdinand sailing around Africa Magellan led the first Key Explorers expedition to circumnavigate the globe This exploration led to colonies by European countries: America Prior to the Arrival of Europeans First Inhabitants: 35,000 years ago crossed land bridge connecting Alaska and Siberia; growing body of evidence of secondary migrations Native American Tribes A. Society Classification 1. Sedentary: permanent settlement with a division of labor and agriculture 2. Semi-sedentary: tribes who moved according to environmen changes – transitional agriculture with slash and burn techniques 3. Non-sedentary: nomadic tribes who were mainly hunter and and gatherers TheseBefore empires the wereEuropeans destroyed by America the arrival of Spanish conquistadors Before discovered The■Aztecs (inColumbus’ Central America) America in 1492, North America & Incas (in South America) created large, powerful Native empires Americans: was dominated America Before Europeans The Plains Indiansthe were hunters & gathers but became mobile ■ Before Columbus’ discovered hunters after the Spanish America in 1492, North introduced America the horse into North America was dominated Native Americans: America BeforeIndians the Europeans The Eastern Woodlands lived in small farming communities & were ■ Before Columbus’ discovered the first contacts in with British settlers in America 1492, North America Virginia & Massachusetts was dominated Native Americans: Eastern Woodland Cultures ■Along the Atlantic Coast of North America, Native Americans lived in smaller, mobile bands: –Farming was supplemented by hunting and gathering –Eastern woodland Indians were likely the first natives to be encountered by English settlers Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s When Worlds Collide On the map provided, label and shade trade patterns & the regions of the world colonized by (a) Spain, (b) France, (c) England, & (d) Dutch during the Age of Exploration Voyages of European Exploration The Columbian Exchange ■The arrival of Europeans led to the introduction of new products between Indians & Europeans called the Columbian Exchange: –Indians introduced corn, tobacco, potatoes, peanuts to whites –Europeans introduced horses, livestock, citrus, & diseases –An estimated 90% of Indians died due to European disease The Columbian Exchange The Spanish Colonies in America Treaty of Tordesillas – 1494 – divided Spanish and Portuguese claims in the new world – never enforced Spanish Colonies in North America The SpanishColonies government Spanish in North America encouraged converting Indians & establishing missions ■Motivations: –After Columbus, Spain dominated Central & South America & the SE & SW sections of North America –Spanish conquistadors explored in search of gold & silver –Missionaries converted Native Americans to Catholicism Vasco Balboa – 1513 – Pacific Ocean via Panama isthmus Ferdinand Magellan – 1519 – credited with first circumnavigation of Earth – 5 ships left Spain – went around Cape Horn across Pacific to the Philippines – Magellan died enroute – 1 ship returned Hernan Cortes – 1521 – Conquered Aztecs in Mexico Francisco Pizarro – 1532 – Conquered the Inca empire in Peru Spanish Colonies in North America ■Government: Royal control –Spanish colonies were funded & controlled by the monarch –Viceroys were sent to the colonies to serve as governors ■Economy: Desire for wealth –Used Indian & African slave labor to mine gold & silver –Built encomiendas (plantations) to farm cash crops Spanish Colonies in North America ■Society: Strictly controlled –Viceroys were sent to rule –Creoles were white colonists living in Spanish colonies; had opportunities for land & wealth –The lack of women led to inter-marriage with Indians & a mixed-race population (mestizos) –Indians & African slaves made up the bottom of society The French Colonies in America French Colonies in North America LikeFrench Spain, the French in Colonies gov’t encouraged converting Indians & ■Motivations: establishing missions North America –After Champlain’s attempt to find a NW passage through Canada, he founded Quebec –The “French crescent” included Canada, the Mississippi River, & New Orleans –Missionaries converted Native Americans to Catholicism French Colonies in North America ■ Government: Royal control –The French colonies were strictly controlled by royal governors ■ Economy: Desire for fur trade –Most French colonists profited from the fur trade, small-scale farming, or lumbering ■ Society: Friendly with Indians –Because the French needed furs, they were the most friendly with the local Native Americans Dutch Colonies in North America Dutch Colonies in North America ■Motivations: –The Dutch established New Amsterdam as a trade center ■Political, Economic, Social: –To attract settlers, the gov’t allowed anyone to immigrate –As a result, New Amsterdam was one of the most diverse colonies in North America The English Colonies in America The English Colonies ■In the 1600s, English settlers arrived in North America –English colonization differed from Spanish & French because the English gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World –Different motivations by English settlers led to different types of colonies Migrating to the English Colonies ■17th century England faced major social changes: –The most significantly was a boom in population; Competition for land, food, jobs led to a large mobile population (vagrants?) –People had choices: could move to cities, Ireland, Netherlands, or America (but this was most expensive & dangerous) British Colonies in North America British Colonies in North America ■ Motivations: Many different reasons – Economic: Escape poverty or gain wealth from cash crop farming –Religious: For religious freedom & to escape religious persecution – Political: Fear during the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution ■ As a result, the British colonies were very different from each other & were never very unified British Colonies in North America ■ Government: –The colonies differed from French & Spanish because the British gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in America –Britain developed a policy called salutary neglect in which the colonists could create local laws & taxes in their colonial assemblies –Royal governors were sent by the king, but they had little power New Unlike England the Spanish colonies, & French, like British Colonies in North the Massachusetts, British colonists werenever closely made ■ Economy & sweeping connectedattempts by religion to convert, & Society: marry, families or trade & were withmostly local Native –The societies subsistence Americans, farmers although who conflicts had & over economies little desire landtowere makecommon money of the British colonies were dependent upon colonies, the Southern like reasons Virginia, had cash crop economies, large gaps people settled between rich & poor farmers, & slave labor America By The the early Spanish 1600s, & French Spain, adopted England, & France Frontiers had largeofterritorial Inclusionclaims while in theNorth British America (but these usedcolonies Frontierswere of Exclusion not heavily populated, especially in Spanish & French claims) These colonial claims came largely at the expense of the Native Americans already living there END CHAPTER 1 Advantages for long-term colonization Spain France England Disadvantages for long-term colonization Closure Activity ■In order to review the Spanish, French, Dutch, & British colonies, students will be presented with a series of “potential immigrants” to North America. For each person: –Determine the best colonial region for that person to move to –Provide a brief explanation that supports your decision Potential Immigrant: A poor, unmarried man looking to make his fortune Potential Immigrant: A person with very religious beliefs Potential Immigrant: A woman looking for new opportunities in America Potential Immigrant: A person looking for political freedom & the ability help make laws Potential Immigrant: A Native American looking for freedom from European control Potential Immigrant: A person who enjoys living “where the action is” (a place where something exciting is always happening) Potential Immigrant: A father looking for safety & security for his family Potential Immigrant: An entrepreneur looking for a location to open a business specializing in shipping