Download A Study of Exploration & Empire

A Study of
Exploration &
Empire
Presentation Created by Ronna
Buckley
In the 1300s Europe
depended on spices
from Asia & India.
Why did they need
spices?
There was no refrigeration~
The spices masked the scent & taste of
the rancid meat
They had no deodorant & they used the
spices as perfume
Some spices were used as medicines
Europeans were Christian &
did not like giving their money
to Muslims
If they could find a way around
the Muslims,
They could get the spices they
needed & save some money, too!
Ships that wouldn’t get swallowed up by the ocean
With a new design!
This began the age of
exploration!
Exploration required
new
technology:
Accurate
Maps & Tools
Training in Navigation
The Chinese invention of the
compass showed the direction
of magnetic north.
The Arabs
improved an
invention
called
the
The Astrolabe measured the
altitude
of the sun, moon,
astrolabe
planets and stars.
Mapmakers called
cartographers
were unaware of
North & South
A mapmaker America
named Ptolemy made
many of the inaccurate maps for
explorers.
No one knew that tribes of Native Americans
were living
In a New World not even recorded on
European Maps
We shouldn’t judge Ptolemy
too harshly. He could only rely
on the stories the men aboard
ships
brought
back
to
him.
There were no satellites to help
Ptolemy recognize
North & South America
Ptolemy developed a
grid system of
longitude & latitude
lines which we still
use today.
Longitude: Lines
run north and
south!
Latitude: Lines
run
East and West
A New Ship
Portugal created a ship called a
caravel.
It had a shallow bottom
This allowed it to travel far from
the shore & return to shallow
water, too!
Instead of one large sail,
the caravel had many
masts with several smaller
triangular shaped sails.
Rather than just oars,
the caravel had
A movable rear
rudder!
This helped to steer
the ship.
Portugal Leads The Way
A Portuguese sailor named
Bartholomeu Dias sailed to the
southern tip of Africa.
Now, the Muslims could be bypassed to
get spices from Asia.
The Tip of Africa
Passageway
Became Known as
The Cape of Good
Hope
Bartholomeu Di
Bartholomeu Dias
found The Cape of
Good Hope, but the
first European to
actually sail all the
way around Africa &
reach Asia was
Vasco Da Gama
Sail West
Spain’s Quest for Riches
An Italian named Christopher
Columbus believed he could find
another
way
to
get
to
Asia.
wouldn’t sail around Africa. He would sail west t
find Asia.
Columbus finally convinced
Spain’s King & Queen to
finance his exploration!
King Ferdinand
Queen Isabella
In 1492, Columbus sailed from Spain with three ships. Two of the
ships, the Niña and the Pinta were small caravels. The third ship,
the Santa Maria, was larger, and was captained by Columbus. The
ships were from 15 to 36 meters long.
Columbus touched land on an
island of the Bahamas. He
thought he was in India, so he
called the people Indians.
umbus died still believing he had foun
new route to Asia.
He Was Lost!
Many People Argue
that Columbus didn’t
discover anything!
What do
you think?
A
M
E
R
I
G
O
It wasn’t until 1507 that
another Italian explorer
discovered
Columbus
had
Amerigo Vespucci realized
been
wrong!
he was
in a New
World
The new
continents
began
V
E
S
P
U
C
C
I
rather into
thanthe
Asia.
to be drawn
maps
as cartographers heard
the news! The
Cartographers began to
write the name America on
Spain had sent Columbus to
explore
Portugal had sent Vespucci
to explore
Both countries wanted a
claim in the New World
They went to the Pope for
help
Age of Exploration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=VVD6f20OG9w
The pope drew an
imaginary line running
down the middle of the
Atlantic Ocean from the
North Pole to the South
Pole
This imaginary line was
called The Line of
Demarcation
Spain owned everything to the west of the Li
of Demarcation
Portugal
owned
all
the
land
to
the
east
of
this
Spain & Portugal signed a treaty agreeing to
Line
of
Demarcation
the terms of the Line of Demarcation---------
The Treaty of Tordesillas
No one recognized the Treaty
of Tordesillas except for Spain
& Portugal.
Dividing the World Was Not Going to
be as easy as Signing a Treaty!
ink to watch the video clip about the Treaty Of T
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=6pzudWS7kVU
Voyage of
Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan1517
was from
Portugal, but he was sailing
for the Spanish.
Magellan’s mission was to try
to find a western route to
Asia.
Magellan began his voyage
with 5 ships
Three of the ships attempted mutiny
Two captains were unhappy with
Magellan’s decision to stay in South
America until the spring
When Magellan found out about the
Mutiny, he executed one of the
Captains
He spared the second captain’s life,
but left him marooned.
Magellan found a
narrow waterway
near the southern
tip of
South America.
Magellan Strait
was a jagged &
rocky waterway
that stretched
350 miles
The strong currents & strange
winds separated one of the ships
from the others.
The lost ship was forced to return
to Spain.
Another ship crashed against the
jagged rocks.
With only 3 ships left, Magellan
made it to the South Sea.
He named it The Pacific Ocean!
Philippines
Magellan became friends with
a local chief & even convinced
him to become a Christian
The Chief had an enemy
Magellan was killed when he
got caught in a fight between
Chief and his enemy
Magellan’s crew escaped &
sailed away on one final ship
They were able to keep The
Victoria, Magellan’s ship.
being gone three years.
Though Magellan had been killed on
the voyage, since his crew completed
the circumnavigation, Magellan was
given historical credit.
Circumnavigate means to circle the
globe
What Did
Magellan’s
Voyage Prove?
The World
Was Round
The World
Was Larger
Than Anyone
Imagined
OVERSEAS
EMPIRES
Pedro Alvares Cabral (Portugal)
Led a bloody battle & defeated the
Muslim Arabs
Now, Portugal controlled the trade
over the Indian Ocean
Spain had control
of every place in
South America
except
Portugal established
coloniesBrazil.
in Brazil to grow cash
crops like Sugar, Coffee & cotton.
The Spanish Had 3 Goals As
They Explored
Spread Christianity
Serve the King
Grow Wealthy
One Spanish
Conquistador was
The
Aztecs
Hernan
Cortes
He sailed to Mexico
in 1519 with about
600 men bringing a
strange animal the
inhabitants of Mexico had
never seen
described
the horses as
hornless
deer that
blew smoke
from their
nostrils.
Because the Aztecs had never
seen horses & Cortes was seated
on a horse, the Aztecs believed
Cortes was the god-king which was
prophesied to arrive from the east.
Cortes rode into the Aztec’s capital city called
Tenochtitlan
The Aztecs awaited the god-king
Questzalcoatl & Cortes appeared to be
the fulfillment of this prophesy.
The leader of the Aztecs was
Montezuma
Montezu
ma
greeted
Cortes
with gifts
of gold.
Cortes & his
men were
amazed by
the wealth
of the
Aztecs in
the city of
Tenochtitlan
Cortes repayed Montezuma’s
kindness by attacking him without
mercy!
The Aztecs fought back!
They melted gold & poured it down the
throats of the Spanish. Cortes fled the city
and managed to cut off the supply lines of
the Aztecs. Cortes forced them to surrender
and he ruled Mexico for 3 year before
returning to Spain.
Aztecs Pouring Gold Down the
Throats of the Spanish
In the end, the battles had killed
50,000 Aztecs, but the worst killer
of the Aztecs were the Spanish
Diseases!
Spanish and Aztecs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=Yvn8OuBDESo
Click the link to watch the video clip
10 Years Later, another
Conquistador named
Francisco
Pizzaro
invaded PeruPizzaro
where the Inca
lived.
The Incan Leader
was Atahualpa
Pizzaro killed Atahualpa’s 2000
bodyguards
Pizzaro held Atahualpa for ransom
Even though the ransom was was paid,
Pizzaro did not release Atahualpa
Atahualpa was executed
Pizzaro
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=mPAkqcRBRrk
Click and view the first 15 minutes of this Video.
Hernando de Soto went to the area above
Florida and explored the Mississippi River
Valley
Francisco de Coronado
explored the area of the
Grand Canyon
Coronado &
De Soto
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=NDH_pB6DzNY
When Spain visited the New
World, the explorers took the
land from the local people &
sometimes enslaved the
locals.
The Spanish forced the
Native Americans to
abandon their rituals like
dancing around the fire.
The worst enemy of the Native
Americans was disease!
The Native Americans had been
isolated for thousands of years & had no
immunities to European diseases.
During the first 50 years the Spanish
ruled the Incas in Peru,
the Incan population fell from 10 million to
only 1 million.
So many Incans died, the Spanish had to
import slaves to do the work
Contact with the Native
Americans
The Colonies of
the Netherlands
The Dutch won their independence from Spain
The Netherlands were very small with few resources
The transformed one of their cities into the largest
commercial city in the world at the time
They had special ships built for cargo and they could
transport more than other countries.
The Dutch became great traders & controlled much of
the spice trade from Asia
The Dutch soon established a colony
in North America calling their colony
New Amsterdam on Manhattan
Island. {New Amsterdam was also
known as New Netherland}
They also set up a colony in Africa &
were very successful slave traders.
Dutch in New
Netherlands
French & English
Colonies
The French didn’t
really want to farm
because it took too long to make a profit
from the harvest
Instead, they wanted to get quick profits
from the fur trade & from selling the
goods others harvested
The English farmed & sold their harvests
to the French
The French sold the goods to the rest of
the world
The French did establish
sugar plantations on a few
islands & used slaves
England
English Sea Captains became pirates
The Most famous pirate was Sir Francis
Drake
He robbed ships at sea
He was the first ENGLISHMAN to
circumnavigate the globe
The first permanent English settlement
in North America was Jamestown (This
is where Virginia is now)
The second English settlement was in
Massachusetts where the Puritans lived.
Slave Trade
The economies of the new
colonies in North America
were based on agriculture &
Hard
Work
required intensive
labor!
There were not enough people in North
America yet, so slaves were imported
from Africa.
The Triangular
Trade
The slave trade route was called
the Triangular Trade
It involved 3 countries:
Europe
Africa
THE NEW WORLD (both north
and south)
Slave Ship
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=uDW18F
YZd7c
Changing Ways of
It was very expensive
to
explore
Life
the world
People combined their money to
form Joint Stock Companies
A new economic policy was called
mercantilism
Under mercantilism a countries’
wealth is measured by bullion
Bullion is silver and gold
Mercantilism required the mother
country to extract wealth from its
colonies.
The colonies were used for raw
materials, then used again to purchase
finished products
Example: The colonies were used to
grow cotton for England
Then the colonies were charged unfair
prices for the finished product like
curtains which were made back in
England
England began to send peasants,
homeless and unemployed people over
to the colonies just to get rid of them.
In England a new social order was
developing!
The merchants were becoming more
wealthy than the nobility.
Nobles are people born into wealth.
Merchants may have been born in the
lower class, but they gained wealth and
moved up in social status.
Assessment
Define: cartographer, conquistador
circumnavigate, bullion, joint-stock
company
line of demarcation, and identify:
Quetzalcoatl
List 2 improvements that made
caravels
better for exploration.
What is the current name of the
country where the Aztecs once lived?
What is the current name of the place
where the Inca lived?
What was the economic policy
that measured a state’s power
by the wealth of its colonies?
What was the animal that the
Aztecs had never seen?
What are two goals the Spanish
had when they explored?
Who was the leader of the
Aztecs?
What killed most of the Aztecs,
Incas and Native Americans?
Which Conquistador conquered the
Aztecs?
“ “ the Incas?
Which Spanish explorer reached the
Mississippi River?
What did Fransisco de Coronado
explore?
Which Dutch city became the largest
commercial city in the world?
Who was the most famous English
pirate?
What was the first permanent
English settlement in North
America?
Which 3 countries made up the
Triangular Trade?
Essay: Describe the life of a slave
from Africa and the boat trip to
arrival of the new world.