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Explorers
Columbus
• Thought he reached the East Indies and called the
inhabitants “los indios”
• A term mistakenly applied to all native peoples of
the Americas
• Columbus was presented with caps and beads and
other trifles. They gave Columbus what they had
• Columbus miscalculated where he was.
• Scholars believe he landed on an island in the
Bahamas on the Caribbean Sea.
• These people were called the Taino, not Indians.
• Claimed the island for Spain
• Named it San Salvador “Holy Savior”
Columbus
• Second voyage to Americas in September 1493
• Journeyed as an empire builder, not an explorer
• Commanded fleet of 17 ships and several
hundred soldiers
• Brought 1,000 settlers
• Wanted to transform the islands of the
Caribbean into colonies, or lands controlled by
another nation
Columbus and Columbian Exchange
• The Columbian Exchange is the widespread
exchange of plants, animals, cultures, diseases,
and ideas between Eastern and Western
Hemispheres.
• Lasting effects on the world
• Turning point in Native American History
Magellan
• First to circumnavigate the world!!
▫ What does this mean?
• Portuguese Explorer
▫ Magellan convinced king of Spain to fund voyage
▫ 230 men and 5 ships – sailed around southern end of
South America into the mysterious waters of the
Pacific
▫ Went months without seeing land and food supplies
soon ran out
▫ Explored Guam and reached the Philippines
▫ Magellan became involved in a war there and was
killed
▫ Crew sailed west toward home
▫ Out of Magellan’s original crew, only 18 men and one
ship arrived back in Spain in 1522.
Treaty of Tordesillas
• Background:
▫ Vasco da Gama reached port of Calicut, on the
southwestern coast of India.
▫ Spices like cinnamon and pepper
▫ GAVE PORTUGAL A DIRECT SEA ROUTE TO
INDIA
▫ Had voyaged 27,000 miles
Treaty of Tordesillas
• Columbus had thought he had reached India
• Believing him to be right, Portugal suspected
Columbus had claimed for Spain land that
belonged to Portugal
• Rivalry became more intense
Treaty of Tordesillas
• Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep peace
• Suggested an imaginary line, drawn north to
south of Atlantic Ocean (Line of Demarcation)
• All lands to the east would be Portugal; to the
west Spain
• Treaty of Tordesillas signed in 1494 – gave
Portugal modern-day Brazil
Aztecs/Cortes
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Came for gold
Known as Conquistadors
Cortes = important conquistador
Went to conquer Aztecs
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600 soldiers
17 horses
Dogs
Cannons
Aztec/Cortes
• Montezuma was convinced Cortes was a god
• Gave him access to Aztec gold as aw result
• Aztec city didn’t seem like it could be invaded =
very advanced
• Aztecs rebelled against Montezuma and stoned
him to death
• Cortes eventually retook the city
• Forced Aztecs to mine gold and silver
• Disease-ridden
Why did Cortes Defeat Aztecs?
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Superior weaponry
Received help from other native groups
Measles, mumps, typhus infected the NA
Died by the hundreds of thousands
Francisco Pizarro
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Conquistador
Conquered mighty Inca Empire
Kidnapped Atahualpa (Inca’s leader)
Spain had New Spain (Mexico and parts of
Guatemala) and other parts of Central and South
America and the Caribbean
Mestizos
• Spanish imposed culture on Natives
• Spanish settlers to the Americas = peninsulares,
mostly men
• Mestizo – mixed Spanish and NA
▫ Many of these descendants live in Latin American
countries today
Ecomienda
• Spanish oppressed NA
• Wanted precious resources
• NA farmed, ranched, mined for Spanish
landlords
• Promised Spanish authorities they would treat
NA well
• Many ended up abusing NA and many NA died
Priests
• Spanish priests came to spread Christianity
• Criticized harsh labor of encomienda system
• Spanish ended up abolishing encomienda
system in 1542
Missionaries
• Catholic Missionaries dominant throughout
Spanish empire in Americas
• Wanted to convert NA
• Determined to rid “heathen” people of native
religion
• Tried to impose Spanish culture on them
• Burned objects sacred to NA
Pope (with an accent on e) Rebellion
• 1680 – NA Pope organized rebellion
• Spaniards had accused Pope of practicing
witchcraft
• Spanish driven out of New Mexico
• 400 Europeans killed
• NA burned Churches, executed priests,
destroyed relics of Christianity
• 14 years and 4 military assaults for Spaniards to
subdue region