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Explorers Social Studies How Europeans saw the world People only knew of three continents—Europe, Africa, and Asia. Some thought it was impossible to sail across the ocean. Technology—knowledge used for making things. Early World Maps World Map 1595 World Map Reasons for Exploration GOD • Exploration as a way to spread Christianity • Duty to convert all non-Christians to Christians GLORY • Fame and fortune GOLD • Trade with Asia • Riches = spices, fine silks, and gems Technological Developments Navigate-chart the course of a journey. Astrolabe measured latitude But designed for land Technological Developments Cross-staff used to figure latitude more accurately Technological Developments Square-rigged sails. Hold their own against tossing waves during short trips along the coast. Only sail in the same direction as the wind. Could not make long voyages without being blown off course. Square rigged sail Lateen Sails Catch winds from the sides and from the rear of a ship. Caravel Portuguese The rudder made it possible to steer the ships without oarsmen. Rudder Weapons Carried swords, spears, bows, and armor on ships. As technology improved…. • Guns • Cannons Lesson 2 Portuguese Spanish Exploration Spanish/Portuguese Explorers Spain • Columbus • Vasco Nunez de Balboa • Magellan • Cortes • Coronado • Hernando de Soto Portugal • Henry • Bartolomeu Dias • Vasco da Gama Explorer Chart Explorer Country Date Accomplishment Spice Route Couldn’t use straight easy route due to armed Muslim control. Forced Europeans to find sea routes to Asia. Portugal Henry the Navigator In charge of finding a sea route to Asia Wanted to go south to the Indian Ocean. Died in 1460 Bartolomeu Dias Rounded the southern tip of Africa Vasco da Gama Sailed all the way around Africa to India. Lasted over two years. Succeeded in opening trade route to Asia for Portugal. Vasco da Gama Early Spanish Exploration From Genoa, Italy Knew Portugal was sailing to Asia by going around Africa. Believed that the shortest route was west. Little known fact is that Christopher Columbus never posed for a portrait in his lifetime. The many images of Columbus I’m Christophe r Columbus NO! I’m Christophe r Columbus NO! I’m Christophe r Columbus NO! I’m Christophe r Columbus Columbus Spent eight years trying to get European rulers to pay for his voyage. Finally 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain gave him the money. The king and queen wanted to spread Spanish power and get some of the Asian riches like Portugal. Columbus Voyages Left Spain on August 3, 1492 Set course straight across Atlantic west. Columbus hits land!! October 12, Columbus landed on a tiny Caribbean island that is today one of the Bahama Islands. He named it “San Salvador”—Holy Savior. Columbus meets the natives Columbus call the Taino people there “Indios” or Indians because he believed he had reached the Indies. OH SNAP!!!!!! But…………….. • He only landed in the Caribbean and not in India!!! Columbus’ other voyages Returned to Spain in 1493 with six Taino captives, plants and gold for Spanish rulers. So impressed they sent him back three more times, 1493, 1498, and 1502. But failed to find the riches of Asia. He never knew that he had found a continent new to the Europeans called……. The new continent …….America!!!! Named after the Italian map maker Amerigo Vespucci. But, did you know that Columbus was not the first to discover America? The first to discover America was……. The first to discover America was… You are correct! • The Vikings! • 500 Years Earlier! And… ..in 1421 The Chinese fleet landed in America about 71 years before Columbus!! Explorers After Columbus 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed Panama on foot and arrived at the Pacific Ocean. Another ocean stood between Spain and the Indies! Are you gellin’? 1521 Ferdinand Magellan became the first European to sail west across the Pacific. Crew continued west from Asia, retuning to Spain in 1522. Completed first trip around the world! The search for GOLD Even though America was not Asia, the Spanish kept searching for riches. 1519, Hernan Cortes went to Mexico, believing there were huge gold mines. Went to the capital city of the Aztecs. Cortes Cortes and his army took the Aztecs’ gold and jewels. Destroyed the buildings. On the ruins, he built Mexico City, which became the capital of a Spanish empire. Coronado and de Soto Francisco Coronado did not find gold, but claimed land in southern North America for Spain. Francisco Coronado Hernando de Soto Hernan Cortes Hernando de Soto Francisco Coronado •Cortes, de Soto, and Coronado were three of the most notable conquistadors •Conquistador is Spanish for conqueror Spanish Conquest Name that Explorer Conquered Aztecs and built Mexico City 1st European to sail around the world Sailed for Spain and believed he landed in the Indies Claimed land in southern North America Hernan Cortes Ferdinand Magellan Christopher Columbus Francisco Coronado Name that Explorer Rounded the southern tip of Africa Sailed all the way around Africa to India Called the natives Indians because he thought he was in the Indies Bartolomeu Dias Vasco da Gama Christopher Columbus Explorer Chart Explorer Country Date Accomplishment Dias Portugal 1460 Rounded south tip Africa Da Gama Portugal 1497 Rounded Africa to India Columbus Spain 1492 Landed/discovered America De Balboa Spain 1513 Discovered Pacific Ocean Magellan Spain 1521 1st European to sail around world Cortes Spain 1519 Conquered Aztecs, built Mexico City Coronado Spain 1500’s Claimed land in Southern North America for Spain Homework Lesson 2 Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Da Gama succeeded in establishing a trade route with who and for which country? Columbus was considered a failure at his death because??? The Spanish explored the Americas and conquered native Indian peoples in search of what? Which groups of people discovered the Americas before Columbus? Columbus became convinced that the shortest route to Asia or the Indies was where? Why did Columbus call the local natives he met Indians? Spanish and Portuguese Explorer map Label: Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, India, Portugal, Spain, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and The Silk Road Use different colors or type of lines or materials such as dotted, dash, or combo to show the route of each of the explorers: Dias Cortes Da Gama Coronado Columbus DeSoto Magellan Create a Key/Legend to explain the makings Mount your map to 9”x12” construction paper Color and decorate your map Lesson 3 French, Dutch, and English fantastic voyages! Exploration of North America Why explore North America? Exploration made Spain and Portugal rich! French, Dutch, English also wanted to be rich! Portugal controlled routes to Asia, Africa and part of South America. Spain claimed Central America and the rest of South America. Therefore everyone else went north to seek fame and fortune. Land Claims 1763 French Voyages 1524 Giovanni da Verrazano from Italy. Searched for the legendary “Northwest Passage” Legendary water route to China through North America Verrazano landed near North Carolina and mapped the coast up to Maine. Verrazzano Northwest Passage Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier Searched for NW Passage in 1535 Discovered Montreal, Canada Cartier’s route from France Dutch Voyages The Dutch are from a country called Netherlands. Started exploring 100 years after Columbus. Henry Hudson 1609 from England. Looked for NW Passage. Hudson river named after him near New York. Setup trading posts in Albany and New York City. English Voyages 1497, Italian sea captain John Cabot Found an island he called, “New Found Land” Francis Drake 1577, Drake sent on secret voyage by Queen Elizabeth. Stole from Spanish ships and trading centers and loaded his ship with Rrrrr! treasures. Became the first Englishman to sail around the world. Known as “El Draque” from old Spanish as The Dragon. Drake Drake, like many explorers cared more about wealth and glory than about settling new land. Impact on American Indians Europeans got… • Gold, silver, furs, fish. • Corn, potatoes, cocoa, pumpkins Indians got… • • • • • • Bananas Cattle Chickens Horses Pigs Sheep American Indians also got… Contagious disease • Sickness that spread from one person to another. • Killed thousands of Indians. • By 1650, smallpox killed ¾ of Indians. Slavery Force and violence by Europeans also killed thousands of Indians. Indians forced to work long hours on farms and mines. Many died of exhaustion. Also forced many Indians to become Christian. Increasing hostility… 1600’s more and more Europeans were coming and settling in America. Fights and trouble grew. Europeans began claiming more land that belonged to the Indians the past thousand years. Explorer Chart Explorer Country Date Accomplishment Verrazano France 1524 Mapped coast up to Maine Cartier France 1535 Discovered Montreal, Canada Hudson Netherland 1609 Set up trading posts in NY Cabot England 1497 Discovered Newfoundland Drake England 1577 1st Englishman to sail around the world So…. The English, Dutch, and French started exploring because…….. What did the early explorations of Spain and Portugal teach the English, Dutch and French? What did contagious diseases do to Native Americans? Lesson 3 Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What was the Northwest Passage? Francis Drake sailed for who and accomplished what? What was Henry Hudson’s accomplishment? What was the impact of contagious diseases upon the Native Americans? Other than diseases, how else did the Native Americans die? Explorer Chart Explorer Country Date Accomplishment Dias Portugal 1460 Rounded south tip Africa Da Gama Portugal 1497 Rounded Africa to India Columbus Spain 1492 Landed/discovered America De Balboa Spain 1513 Discovered Pacific Ocean Magellan Spain 1521 1st European to sail around world Cortes Spain 1519 Conquered Aztecs, built Mexico City Coronado Spain 1500’s Claimed land in Southern North America for Spain Verrazano France 1524 Mapped coast up to Maine Cartier France 1535 Discovered Montreal, Canada Hudson Netherland 1609 Set up trading posts in NY Cabot England 1497 Discovered Newfoundland Drake England 1577 1st Englishman to sail around the world 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What were the three main reasons Europeans decided to explore? Compare the triangular lateen sail with the old square rigged sail. Columbus was convinced that the shortest route to Asia, or the Indies was where? How did Vasco da Gama sail all the way to India? Eventually da Gama set up a direct trade route with who? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why did the Europeans want to set up a trade route with Asia? Columbus was considered a failure at the time of his death because? The Spanish explored the Americas and conquered native Indian peoples in search of what? What was the most important result of Portuguese exploration? Magellan and Drake were the first to do what? 1. 2. 3. 4. Explain the Northwest Passage. Why did Columbus call the Taino people Indians? What did the introduction of contagious diseases from European explorers do to Native Indians? Which group of people were the first to discover the Americas?