Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Section 3.11 The Opening of the Atlantic What was the impact of the Age of Exploration? • Growth of capitalism • global trade • Columbian Exchange – new products – Depopulation of Native Americans and Africans • Die-off in many areas exceeded 90% – Destruction of cultures What was the impact of the Age of Exploration? • • • • Huge population growth New commercial class New emphasis on naval power Cultural relativism –Europeans’ differences seemed less important when compared with their common identity vis-à-vis indigenous Americans Why did Europeans Explore? • Motives – “Gold, God, Glory” – Conquistadores typically embodied all three of these: • Cortes – Conquered Aztecs; established Spanish power in Mexico • Pizarro – Conquered Incas; established Spanish power in Peru Other Factors • Fall of Constantinople (1454) – Eastern Mediterranean trade cut off – Desire for new trade routes • New Technologies – Astrolabe/quadrant, compass, dead reckoning, caravel, lateen sail Significance of Constantinople’s Fall The East (The Orient) Constantinople Now, how would Europeans get ‘their stuff’? That’s three miles to the west, or 23, 997 miles to the east… Might there be a ‘back way’ to the Orient? Portuguese Advantage Portugal In 1415, during the Battle of Ceuta, the city was captured by the Portuguese during the reign of John I of Portugal. The King of Spain seized the Portuguese throne in 1580 and held it for 60 years ( Iberian Union ). During this time Ceuta gained many residents of Spanish origin.[1] Thus Ceuta became the only city of the Portuguese Empire that sided with Spain when Portugal regained its independence in 1640 and war broke out between the two countries. The formal allegiance of Ceuta to Spain was recognized by the Treaty of Lisbon by which, on January 1, 1668, King Afonso VI of Portugal formally ceded Ceuta to Carlos II of Spain. However, the originally Portuguese flag and coat of arms of Ceuta remained unchanged and the modern-day Ceuta flag features the configuration of the Portuguese shield. The flag's background is also the same as that of the flag of Lisbon. When Spain recognized the independence of Spanish Morocco in 1956, Ceuta and the other plazas de soberanía remained under Spanish rule as they were considered integral parts of the Spanish state. Culturally, modern Ceuta is part of the Spanish region of Andalusia. Indeed, it was attached to the province of Cádiz until 1925 — the Spanish coast being only 20 km away. It is a cosmopolitan city, with a large ethnic Berber Muslim minority as well as Sephardic Jewish and Hindu[2] minorities. On November 5, 2007, King Juan Carlos I visited the city, sparking great enthusiasm from the local population and protests from the Moroccan government.[3] It was the first time a Spanish head of state had visited Ceuta in 80 years. African coast and beyond Ceuta Straits of Gibraltar In 1415, during the Battle of Ceuta, the city was captured by the Portuguese during the reign of John I of Portugal. The King of Spain seized the Portuguese throne in 1580 and held it for 60 years ( Iberian Union ). During this time Ceuta gained many residents of Spanish origin.[1] Thus Ceuta became the only city of the Portuguese Empire that sided with Spain when Portugal regained its independence in 1640 and war broke out between the two countries. The formal allegiance of Ceuta to Spain was recognized by the Treaty of Lisbon by which, on January 1, 1668, King Afonso VI of Portugal formally ceded Ceuta to Carlos II of Spain. However, the originally Portuguese flag and coat of arms of Ceuta remained unchanged and the modern-day Ceuta flag features the configuration of the Portuguese shield. The flag's background is also the same as that of the flag of Lisbon. When Spain recognized the independence of Spanish Morocco in 1956, Ceuta and the other plazas de soberanía remained under Spanish rule as they were considered integral parts of the Spanish state. Culturally, modern Ceuta is part of the Spanish region of Andalusia. Indeed, it was attached to the province of Cádiz until 1925 — the Spanish coast being only 20 km away. It is a cosmopolitan city, with a large ethnic Berber Muslim minority as well as Sephardic Jewish and Hindu[2] minorities. On November 5, 2007, King Juan Carlos I visited the city, sparking great enthusiasm from the local population and protests from the Moroccan government.[3] It was the first time a Spanish head of state had visited Ceuta in 80 years. Portuguese • Eastern Goods – Sugar, silk, nutmeg, rugs, medicines, porcelain • Henry the Navigator/Ceuta • Old Land Routes – Silk road= slow and unreliable – Sahara= Ditto • New Routes – Water is now a bridge, not a barrier Portuguese • Da Gama – ‘Machiavellian’ – Reached Calicut in 1494 • Torched cities, butchered prisoners • Portuguese concentrated on the ‘familiar’ East (Africa and Asia) • Spain filled the void in the Americas Why did the Europeans win? • Better weapons – Guns, horse • Alliances – Aztecs hated by Toltecs and others • Quetzalcoatl – Were the Europeans gods? • Machiavellian – Pizarro’s ransom of Altahualpa • Disease – No resistance to smallpox Spanish Empire in America • Encomienda System – Colonial feudal system – Race/origin as basis for place in hierarchy • Catholicism forced on native populations • Natives die at incredible rate (90% plus in many areas, within just a few years) • Die-off leads to renewal of African Slave Trade • “Black Legend” – Belief that Spanish conquistadores were extremely cruel – In reality, less cruel than Aztecs (life was tough all over) Spanish Empire: Good and Bad • Established universities – Lima (1551), Mexico (1553) • Potosi Silver Mines (Bolivia) – 500 thousand lbs. of silver, 10 lbs. of gold annually – Financed CounterReformation • Where were England, France? Middle Passage • You’ve learned about this elsewhere, I hope. If not, speak up…and we will summarize the horrors and details. Treaty of Tordesillas • Rivalry between Spain and Portugal settled by Pope • Divided world in half • East – Portugal • West – Spain Treaty of Tordesillas • Rivalry between Spain and Portugal settled by Pope • Divided world in half • East – Portugal • West – Spain Treaty of Tordesillas • Boundary was 45 degrees west, so Portugal (Brazil) actually got a little more than the Pope had intended