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Colonial
America
Part 3
The Spanish Reach the
New World
With Italians in firm control of Mediterranean
trade, Europeans began to search for other
trade routes.
Portugal, located on the southwest edge of Europe,
turned to the sea, and its use of a ship known as a
CARAVEL, to try and find a route around Africa.
Portuguese explorers made it to the bottom of Africa
in the 1480s, and all the way to India by the 1490s.
An Italian
explorer named
Christopher
Columbus
proposed
sailing west,
into the Atlantic
Ocean, in order
to reach Asia.
Although much of the educated world accepted
the idea that the earth was round, there were
some who feared venturing far from land in case
they fell off, or were attacked by sea monsters.
• Columbus had
• He approached the
approached Portugal
Spanish monarchy,
with his idea, but they
but was originally
thought it was
rejected.
impractical, and
• However, he was
chose to focus on
called back by the
their African route.
Spanish royalty, and
• Both Genoa and
he eventually
Venice were also not
achieved financing
interested in his plan.
for his adventure.
Columbus in the presence of King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
1890s replicas of
the Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria
• The 120 Voyagers left Spain on August 3,
1492.
• As the winds continuously blew them
west, sailors worried about getting home.
• After weeks of traveling, Columbus faced
the danger of MUTINY from his crew.
• On October 12, 1492, the exploration
party landed on an island somewhere in
what we now call the Bahamas.
Columbus was fortunate, in
that the trade winds blew
him westward, but on the
return journey, he caught
the winds that tend to blow
eastward.
The First Voyage of Columbus
1492
• While exploring, the Santa Maria was
wrecked on Christmas Day, 1492.
• On the return trip, the captain of the Pinta
sailed off on his own to try and beat
Columbus back to Spain.
• However, Columbus arrived back in Spain
first, on the Nina, March 15, 1493.
• The Pinta arrived a few hours later, with
its ill captain dying a few days later.
• News of Columbus’ successful journey
spread rapidly throughout Europe.
• Mistakenly believing he was in Asia, he
referred to the natives as “Indians”.
• He made a total of four voyages to this
“New World”, as some called it.
• Note: HE NEVER TOUCHED WHAT IS
NOW THE MAINLAND U. S.!!!
The Second Voyage of Columbus
1493
The Third Voyage of Columbus
1498
The Fourth Voyage of Columbus
1502
Columbus died in 1506, still believing that
he had made it to Asia. In history, he is
famous for making the journey, and then
having so many other Europeans come
after he did. Some Native Americans do not
look on him fondly, because of all the
changes that took place in the “New World”
after his journeys. Despite your opinion of
him, he made a huge impact on history.
The Columbian Exchange
Both Spain and Portugal were Catholic
countries. Not wanting them to fight,
the pope created an imaginary line,
giving Portugal the riches of Africa,
and Spain the riches of the “New
World” Columbus had bumped into.
Nobody knew how big the region
really was.
The Pope divided new land between Spain and
Portugal without knowing how far Brazil juts out
into the Atlantic Ocean. That is why Portuguese
is the dominant language there.
• Around the year 1500, a Portuguese explorer
by the name of Cabral was supposed to go
around Africa. However, possibly by accident,
or perhaps being blown off course, he landed
on Brazil’s east coast.
• Eventually other Catholic Christian countries
like France didn’t pay too much attention to this
line, and Protestant Christian countries like
England and Holland ignored it as well.
• However, it took awhile for those countries to
catch up to Spain and Portugal in claiming the
riches of this “New World”.
Conquistadors
CONQUISTADORS were Spanish warriors
who overpowered much of the New World.
They took much of the region’s gold and silver,
and set up colonies. So did the Portuguese.
Many native people were enslaved, but then
began to die off, especially from diseases like
SMALLPOX. Eventually, imported African
slaves were used as labor on places such as
sugar plantations.
• Hernan Cortez led the
Conquest of Mexico.
• Cortez sank his ships
so his men had to
follow him.
• He forged alliances
with natives who
hated the Aztecs.
• Cortez used the
legend of Quetzalcoatl
to his favor.
According to legend,
Quetzalcoatl, a bearded,
white god, promised that
one day he would return
from the East. When the
Spanish arrived, the
Aztecs mistook
Hernando Cortez, their
leader for the god, They
allowed he and his men
into Tenochtitlan. This
helped lead to their
downfall.
The Emperor
Montezuma
greeting Cortez
A jeweled mask of
Quetzalcoatl, also
known as the
“Feathered Serpent”.
• The emperor Montezuma was captured
and held hostage for several months.
• Eventually, Montezuma was killed, and
Cortez and some of the Spanish escaped
with some of the wealth of the empire.
• Unfortunately, they left behind the disease
smallpox, which weakened the Aztecs.
• The Spanish later returned with
reinforcements, including Indian allies,
and the Aztec civilization collapsed.
The Fall of Tenochtitlan
In the 1500’s, about 15 years after the fall of
the Aztecs, the Inca emperor died from
smallpox. This was the same deadly
disease that had decimated the Aztecs. His
oldest son also died from the disease,
leading to a civil war between some of his
other sons. Toward the end of this civil war,
the Spanish arrived in this kingdom high in
the Andes Mountains of South America. An
initial small group of less than 200 soldiers
began the conquest of the Inca.
A group of conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro
entered the mountain kingdom of the Incas, and
through trickery, kidnapped the emperor, held him for
ransom, and eventually killed him. In later years, the
Spanish were able to conquer the Incan Empire.
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Claiming the Pacific
Ocean for Spain.
A Portuguese explorer
working for Spain, he
led an expedition of
237 men on five ships.
When the expedition
made it back to Spain
three years later, there
were only 18 men left,
on one ship. It was the
first expedition to make
it all the way around
the globe.
Ferdinand Magellan
Francisco Vazquez de Coronado –
Led an expedition through what is now
the Southwest U. S., looking for the
mythical “Seven Cities of Gold”.
Hernando de Soto –
The first European to see and explore
the Mississippi River
After the Europeans realized they were
not in Asia or the Indies, they focused on
gathering the riches of this “New World”.