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Early Globalization Vocabulary Define the following terms (24): cartographer, circumnavigate, plantation, missionary, monopoly, conquistador, immunity, alliance, viceroy, encomienda, peon, peninsulare, creole, mestizo, mulatto, privateer, triangular trade, Middle Passage, mutiny, Columbian Exchange, capitalism, entrepreneur, mercantilism, tariff Copy the following questions in your notebook, and think about how you would answer them. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why did Europeans want to travel to Asia? What were the motives behind European exploration? How were European voyages made possible? Which countries were involved in this exploration? What was the Columbian Exchange? Early Globalization (Age of Exploration) 1500-1800 Europe’s relative isolation for nearly 1,000 years World Known World Known World Known Why did Europeans want to travel to Asia? Early European Exploration During the 1300s, Europeans depended on Asian sources for its spices The Spice Trade- China & India, ArabMuslim traders, Venetian traders By the 1400s, Europe was looking for its own trade routes to Asia Motives behind Europe’s desire to explore and discover new trade routes: increased profits from Asian goods desire to spread Christianity curiosity and learning adventure and glory How were the European voyages made possible? the increasing wealth and power of the European monarchies changes in technology expanded world views inspired by Renaissance thinkers Which countries were involved? Portugal Spain The Dutch Republic (Netherlands) England France European Exploration Early Exploration The Vikings, 1000 A.D. Prelude to the Age of Exploration Christian Crusades (11th-14th centuries) Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo (1295) • European desire for foreign goods from the East The Renaissance (14th century) • curiosity and knowledge • printing press The development of nation-states (15th - 18th centuries) Portugal Portuguese naval technology- Prince Henry the Navigator • Ceuta, 1415 • Sagres, 1419 compass, astrolabe, maps changes in ship construction (caravel), use of lateen sails • exploration encouraged along western coast of Africa • 1440s, Portugal reached the Gold Coast • 1448, Portugal established trade posts in Africa • Henry died in 1460 Bartholomeu Días, 1488 Vasco da Gama, 1498 Spain Expulsion of the Muslims (Moors) from Spain Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile (1469) Spain’s focus was on exploration westward Christopher Columbus Columbus presented his “Enterprise of the Indies” plan to Portugal in 1484 Columbus’ beliefs Columbus’ needs Columbus’ search for financial backing • Portugal and Spain (Queen Isabella) Spring of 1492- Columbus and Hispaniola Amerigo Vespucci Consequence? A new global economy began to emerge. The Age of Exploration (23:23) Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange was the interchange of plants, animals, and other organisms between the Old World (Europe) and the New World (the Americas). Today, three-fifths of the food produced in the world originated in the Americas (see pp. 496497) European arrival and the consequences for the native inhabitants Columbian Exchange New World Origins Old World Origins persimmon beans bell and hot peppers blueberry cranberry maize or corn manioc papaya pineapple pumpkin squash sweet potato white potato tobacco tomato wild rice syphilis (possibly reintroduced into Europe) apple beet cabbage carrot celery cucumber eggplant grapefruit lemon peach plum olives sugarcane measles horses cholera cattle whooping cough sheep typhus swine 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why did Europeans want to travel to Asia? What were the motives behind European exploration? How were European voyages made possible? Which countries were involved in this exploration? What was the Columbian Exchange? 1. Why did Europeans want to travel to Asia? spices, wealth 2. What were the motives behind European exploration? more profitable trade with Asia (wealth), to spread Christianity, to seek adventure and glory 3. How were European voyages made possible? wealth of European monarchs, changes in technology, expanded world views (Renaissance) 4. Which countries were involved in this exploration? Portugal, Spain, the Dutch Republic, England, and France 5. What was the Columbian Exchange? The exchange of plants and animals between the New World (the Americas) and the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) Writing Assignment Analyze the reasons why Native Americans it both North and South America might be offended by the term “New World.” What does the use of the term suggest about European attitudes toward the rest of the world? Refer to the Treaty of Tordesillas and use other specific examples. Amerigo Vespucci (1499-1500) Spain, Portugal, and the Treaty of Tordesillas(1494) Spain in the sixteenth century Spanish explorers of the 16th century • Vasco Nuñes Balboa, 1513 • Ferdinand Magellan, 1519-1522 • Juan Ponce de León, 1513 and 1522 • Hernán Cortés, 1519 • Francisco Coronado, 1540-1542 • Hernando de Soto, 1539-1542 • Juan de Oñate, 1598 • Francisco Pizarro, 1532 The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade 1498, Christopher Columbus and Slaves 1518, first Spanish boatload of slaves to the Americas Native Americans and Slavery African Slaves and European Slave Merchants How did merchants acquire slaves to sell? Slavery in Africa and Slavery in the Americas The Middle Passage The Slave Auction in the Americas A Slave’s Life Protest from African Rulers How did the slave trade profit Europe? Why didn’t Europe protest the slave trade? The later decades of the slave trade View of a ship’s hold shows plan for transporting slaves to the Americas. Up to 35 percent did not survive the journey across the Atlantic known as the Middle Passage. From 1451 to 1870, about 11 million African slaves were shipped to the Americas. A buyer inspects slaves at a Brazilian slave market. Most of the African slaves went to South America and the Caribbean. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade