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European Explorers 2015 Portugal Vasco da Gama • Vasco da Gama's famous voyage was his first in 1497. • He was sailing for India by traveling around Africa from Portugal. • King Manuel I told da Gama to find a water route around Africa to India. • He was heading to India to trade with the Indians. • His route was to go around Africa. • He made 2 voyages and on his 2nd returned to India in 1502. • • • • First da Gama landed in Africa then later traveled to India. He explored the land of Calcite in India He met Zamorin the ruler of Calcite, who did not want to trade with da Gama. He made history discovering a waterway leading to India by travelling around Africa. • Vasco da Gama survived his voyages. Prince Henry the Navigator • Henry was born in Portugal in 1394. • He was the third son of King John I of Portugal • When he was 21, Prince Henry (with his father and brothers) attacked the Moslem port o in north Morocco. This successful attack in 1415 inspired Prince Henry to explore Africa, most of which was unknown to Europeans. • Prince Henry was determined to see Portuguese sailors sail down the west coast of Africa. These expeditions were sent to create: • much-needed maps of the West African coast, • to defeat the Muslims, and spread Christianity, • and to establish trade routes • He decided that he wanted to start a school of navigation. In 1418 he started such a school in Sagres. The school would be a place where people could learn lots more about exploration. The school brought many people together to share their knowledge about ship building and sailing. Astronomers gave lessons on how to read the stars like a map. The students also learned how to make maps of their own of the new places they explored so that when they returned home they have memories of where they were. (Christopher Columbus was one of his students) Prince Henry the Navigator • Henry sponsored many sailing expeditions down Africa's west coast., • Thanks to Prince Henry's patronage, Portuguese ships sailed to the Madeira Islands and rounded Cape Bojador. • After his death, Portuguese sailors who trained in his school, would continue the exploration for better water routes to Asia. (Eventually two very famous Portuguese sailors would make trips that would lead the Portuguese finally around the tip of Africa.) • Though he never sailed himself, Prince Henry helped begin the Great Age of Discovery that lasted from the 1400's to the early 1500's. • Do you think that Henry the Navigator should have a holiday because if he didn’t teach people like Christopher Columbus how to sail then we wouldn’t be living in America. Bartholomew Dias • Bartolomeu Dias was a great Portuguese navigator and explorer who explored Africa's coast. • In 1488, Dias led the first European expedition to sail around Africa's Cape of Good Hope • This breakthrough of circumnavigating (going around) the Cape of Good Hope opened up profitable trading routes from Europe to Asia. • This was very important to Portugal because they wanted to be an important part of the trade system, sharing in the riches of Asia. • Dias may have originally called the southern tip of Africa the "Cape of Storms"; it was later renamed the Cape of Good Hope. Bartholomew Dias • On a later expedition, in 1500, Dias sailed near South America on the way to Africa • land was spotted at Espírito Santo in Brazil. The Europeans called it the "Land of the True Cross." • Although they thought it to be an island, Dias was still among the first Europeans to see Brazil. • Dias died during this expedition; he was lost at sea near the Cape of Good Hope in 1500. Spain Vasco-De-Balboa • Sailed for Spain • Went on 3 Voyages • In his 3 journeys he went to Hispaniola, Panama, Darien, San Sebastian, and Acia • 1st Voyage: Started in 1500 on boat going Westward to Spain and then North to Hispaniola that took 2 years. • 2nd Voyage: Started in 1510 on boat he went South to Darien that took one year • 3rd Voyage: Started in 1513 on foot that took a year to reached the Pacific Ocean • His 3rd Voyage was his most famous when he landed in Panama and went through 45 miles of dense jungles and atop a mountain to find the Pacific Ocean. • His reason was that he always wanted to be an explorer and reach Hispaniola because he wanted to find riches and gold • Went on 3 Voyages • In his 3 journeys he went to Hispaniola, Panama, Darien, San Sebastian, and Acia Expeditions • First he landed in Hispaniola where he had seen and 2 years he would go on a trip • Second he landed in Darien where he conquered Darien for 3 years • Third he landed in Panama which he went through 45 miles of dense jungles and over a mountain to find the Pacific Ocean • Claimed Pacific Ocean for Spain • The Pacific Ocean was important because it gave Peru and other places in the Carribean water and more space • Conquered Darien for 3 years • Darien is an island in the Caribbean's near San Sebastian • Explored jungles and mountains • He found riches and resources that he found from the jungle he explored • His discoveries were for travel, communication, and most important trading • He survived but got beheaded with four other friends when he went back to Hispaniola Amerigo Vespucci • On his first voyage he sailed from May 10 to about June 14,1498 • He sailed in service of Spain • While on a business trip in Spain King Ferdinand had asked him to check what Columbus had claimed • The New World was west across the Atlantic so Vespucci headed there • He took a route taken earlier by another Spanish explore Christopher Columbus, but took a turn south to the undiscovered South America • He sailed four times from Europe to the Americas Amerigo Vespucci • Amerigo Vespucci had landed in South America • but it was unidentified so that means he discovered it • He discovered places like Venezuela ,The Amazon River, and where these two important regions are South America • Him and his crew ran into some Native Venezuelans and at first they acted normal ,but every now and then they would attack to protect their land • Discovering a new continent is a very important thing also he had proved that the two new continents weren’t Asia. • You must be brave to go on a long trip like that and luckily Vespucci survived them all Ponce de Leon Ponce de Leon sailed for the country of Spain He sailed to Puerto Rico after arriving in the New World Leon sailed North of Puerto Rico and through the Atlantic Ocean to arrive at Florida His journey lasted from late March, 1513-Easter Sunday April, 1513 He tried sailing to Bimini, but landed on the coast of Florida He was searching for the Fountain of Youth, great lands, and large amounts of treasures in Bimini (not a real place) Ponce de Leon traveled on 4 different voyages- New World with Christopher Columbus, Puerto Rico after arriving in the New World, first expedition to Florida, and second trip to Florida Ponce de Leon Ponce de Leon landed on the coast of Florida in 1513 He claimed the land for Spain Ponce de Leon found great amounts of land and met many Indians, Calusa Indians, and they were extremely brutal to the Europeans Ponce de Leon’s discoveries were important, because if he hadn’t found Florida than there would only be 49 states ands not 50 He set up the first European settlement on this continent He also found a numerous amount of gold which then made him rich Importance gave Spain land on the east coast of the new continent Leon survived his first expedition to Florida, but on his second journey he got shot by an arrow from an Indian He returned to Cuba after that and then peacefully died there Ferdinand Magellan • Sailed for Spain • Journey was from September 20, 1519 – September 8, 1522 • Asked King Manuel I for money • He went on the voyage to find a quicker route to the Spice Islands in Asia • Was looking for the valuable spices that grew there • His route was west around the southern tip of South America to the Philippines • Headed west to the Philippines thinking it was the Spice Islands because, the natives there spoke the same language as in the Spice Islands • While in the Philippines he found spices • The impact was that there was a war between the natives of the Philippines and his crew and him • All the Filipinos liked him and his crew but the leader didn’t like him and thought something was going on which caused the war Ferdinand Magellan • Landed on Brazil and Patagonia in South America while passing by • He also explored Brazil and Patagonia • He claim then small strip of water that needed to be crossed to go around So. America for Spain • This was later called the Strait of Magellan • In the middle of the journey he and his crew ran out of food and they had to eat rats, sawdust, and leather straps • Also landed on the Philippines • He explored Brazil, Patagonia, and the Philippines • He claimed the Strait Of Magellan • They found the Filipinos (the natives of the Philippines) • He did not survive the exploration he died in the Philippines by a poisoned arrow in the war on April 27, 1521 Hernan Cortes • Hernan Cortes famous voyage was in 1519 for seeking the Yucatan Peninsula. • Cortes sailed for Spain and was successful. • The reason for his trip was to be rich, he wanted a lot of fame. • The part of the world he sailed to was Mexico. • Hernan's route was from the Caribbean sea to Mexico. • Hernan Cortes made three voyages. Hernan Cortes Hernan Cortes landed in Mexico. • He conquered the Aztec Empire and stole all gold in sight. • Hernan found gold, silver, feathers, food, and many slave women. • Cortes discoveries were important because none of them had been found yet and they wouldn't of defeated the Aztec empire he also got a lot of gold for Spain. • Hernan did survive his expedition. • Spain began to control Central America. • Francisco Pizarro Pizarro sailed for Spain He made two voyages His famous voyage was in 1532 He sailed with his partner Diego de Almargo Got permission from Emperor Charles V Pizarro had been to the New World before as a member of Balboa’s crew On his trip he heard of rich civilizations in the south He headed towards Peru from Panama His route was south Francisco Pizarro While he was there he encountered the Incas His discoveries were important because he found lots of gold and jewels and he found a civilization Pizarro picked the perfect time to take over the Incas because the Incas were in a civil war over which son would become the Inca (Incan ruler) He had the ruler captured and said he would let the ruler go if The Incas filled one room with gold and two rooms with silver When the rooms were filled Pizarro had the ruler killed Pizarro’s greed was never satisfied so, he went from Incan city to city pillaging and raging After Pizarro conquered the Incas he came up with a system called the Encomiendo system The Spaniards also told the Incas they had to be catholic He then headed to the capital Cuzco and became in charge It was used to regulate the Incas and reward Pizarro did survive the expedition but was later killed by his partner’s fans after because when Almargo demanded land Pizarro had him killed Hernando de Soto Sailed for Spain Was tired of being a gentleman Wanted to govern own colony Made one voyage Sailed from April, 1538-June, 1538 Went southeast across Atlantic Ocean then headed to Cuba and southeast United States North, west, south, west, southwest, west, then died Rest of the crew went east, south, west, and back south again Headed to southeastern America and western Cuba Hernando de Soto Landed in Cuba, then traveled north to Florida Traveled through ten states in the U.S.A. including Tennessee, the Carolinas, Mississippi, Florida, and Georgia First European to encounter and cross the Mississippi River Encountered Timucauns Timucauns fought Europeans before Caught de Soto off guard De Soto eventually won the war Found corn, cabbage, and grains. Found largest river in North America A few months after crossing the Mississippi River, he died of a fever Coronado • Coronado’s expedition took place in 1540. • He explored for New Spain, a colony of Spain. • New Spain is what is now Mexico. • The reason for the trip was to find the Mythical Golden Cities. • He headed Northeast up America on his trip. • The route was through California, Arizona , New Mexico , Texas , Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Kansas. • Coronado only had one voyage. Coronado • Coronado landed in California. • He found California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Kansas. • Coronado’s trip was the first contact between Spanish and the southwestern natives. He found the Teyas, Quivirans, and the Harahan. • His discoveries were important because he and his men found 7 American states and 3 landmarks in North America. • Coronado barely survived the trip because he fell of his horse and got badly injured. France Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier is a French explorer that wanted to find a northwest passage to Asia In 1531 King Francis sent Jacques on his 1st voyage to find a Northwest passage to Asia which would allow France to cross through the new continent The part of world he headed to was West off the Canadian Islands His route was a northwest passage Jacques made 3 voyages but the 3rd one was planned but he never went on the 3rd voyage The second voyage he wanted to explore the area around the St. Lawrence River He claimed all the areas he explored for France. Jacques Cartier Jacques landed in western Canada Jacques met the Micmac’s on July 6 When Jacques met the Micmac's and traveled to their village called Kanata. Jacques couldn’t pronounce it right so he said Canada Jacques were important was the one who gave Canada its name Jacques Cartier did survive his journey but then died right after in Saint-Malo on September 1 ,1557 Samuel de Champlain Champlain’s famous voyage was in 1608 to what now is Quebec, Canada. He was born on August 13, in Brouage,France. Champlain sailed for his beloved France during King Henry IV was in the throne. Champlain was invited by Amar de Chaste, a fur trader to join a voyage to Canada in 1603. When he came back he showed illustrations, and maps that he showed to King Henry IV. Since the king was so impressed in 1604 he sent Champlain back with 28 colonists ready to start a new colony. He tried establishing a colony called Port Royal, on the island of Nova Scotia, hoping to make a larger impact. He sailed along the very Atlantic coast all the way south to what is now Martha’s Vineyard. He had made many maps of that area but, unfortunately in 1607 the Port Royal colony failed so, they went back home to France. Champlain landed in what is now Quebec, Canada. In 1608 he was in the New World and found out that the land wasn’t claimed so, at that very moment he claimed it for France. He has lead an expedition during 1635 – 1615, becoming the first European to explore interior rivers in the hope of cutting through the continent and reaching the Pacific Ocean. Also while exploring he had found Native Americans by, the name Algonquins and the Hurons. Since they were in war with the Iroquois at the time Champlain came he decided to help them because he had served the army. That’s, when in return they started a fur trading relationship together, mostly because they won the war. Now they were truly allies of each other. Champlain’s discoveries are really important today because he has colonized and also Founded Quebec which means he has made history. He has also guided many French settlers to start a new life in Quebec, and has inspired others to keep up the explorations that would hopefully lead France through the new continent and find their way to Asia. In 1633 he became governor of Quebec. He traveled back to France from time to time to get supplies for the colony of New France. But sadly in 1635 On December 25 (Christmas Day Morning) Champlain died from a stroke in Quebec. He is remembered every day because of such important discoveries that have been made only because of himself Samuel de Champlain. LaSalle's ship the Griffon was built right before his journey. Robert LaSalle Robert LaSalle Started his voyage in 1678 and ended his long 4 year voyage in 1682. Robert LaSalle sailed for King Louis of France. Robert LaSalle sailed to build a series fur trade forts along the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes. Making a shorter route for the French to cut through the new continent. LaSalle wanted to sail through the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River for a shorter route to the Gulf of California. But he ended up figuring out that it only led him to the Gulf of Mexico. Robert LaSalle traveled through most of the Great Lakes and through the Mississippi River to where the Mississippi River flows into the Gulf of Mexico. LaSalle took one voyage through the Great Lakes and the Mississippi river. But when trying to return to where the Mississippi river flows into the Gulf of Mexico gets lost and is killed by his crewman due to anger. The Great Lakes Robert LaSalle The Mississippi River Robert LaSalle landed where the Mississippi River flows into the Gulf of Mexico. LaSalle discovered and claimed areas along the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. Which than after made the French a great deal of money. LaSalle found new land and a lot of different natives on his long journey. Robert LaSalle’s journey was important because he had made many forts along the Mississippi River and the Great lakes. LaSalle did survive his expedition, but when trying to return he gets lost and is killed by his crew. Marquette and Jolliet • These two men sailed off in the year of 1672. • Marquette and Jolliet sailed for France under the orders of the French lieutenant governor in New France which is now Quebec (in Canada). • The two men were looking to explore the Mississippi River. • They thought it would lead to China from the Gulf of California. • Marquette and Jolliet paddled in rivers starting on the Wisconsin River with help from two Indian guides • This led them to the Mississippi River on June 17th, 1673. • They only took one voyage. Marquette and Jolliet • Marquette and Jolliet explored the end of the Mississippi and figured out that this river doesn’t empty into the Gulf of California, it empties into the Gulf of Mexico. • Yes, they did survive their trip and made it back safely, but on the way back Marquette got sick and perished on May 17, 1675(not on the trip home) , and Jolliet perished in the year of 1700. • When Marquette and Jolliet first landed in entree to the Gulf of Mexico they claimed all of the rich land for France and gave the not as good land to England. • They saw the Illinois Indians and they ended up smoking a calumet(KAL-yuh-met) to show that they had made peace. • Their discoveries were important because if they had made the very first trading route for the French. Marquette Jolliet England John Cabot • his first voyage was on may 2, 1497 and landed on June 24,1497 • He sailed for England(king henry the third) • route without having to pay the Turks taxes (the silk road was to dangerous His reason for his voyage was because, he wanted to find a sea ) • He tried to go to china but, ended up off the coast of new foundland • Cabot’s plan was to head west, like Columbus, but intended to head in a more northerly route • Cabot made “2” voyages John Cabot • Cabot landed in new foundland • He found a needle, traps, and a lot of fish from the Beothuk people • he explored new foundland and the other islands around there • His discoveries were Important because, he claimed land for England in the new world. even though he did not find a sea route to Asia, he gave the English foothold in the new world, which would become their most important colony • Cabot dies his second voyage (he was never heard of again) John Cabot’s ship the “Matthew” named after his son John Cabot’s route Henry Hudson • Sailed from England and Holland • First two voyages sailed for England and went to the North Pole looking for orient. First going west then east and got trapped in ice both times • Sailed for Holland for his third voyage and headed to North America in 1609 • Went out to look for a river that connected the Atlantic and pacific oceans • Landed in the state of Maine in July of 1609 and stole from the friendly natives • He left Maine after a short while and then went down to the state Virginia and Chesapeake Bay, which he claimed for Holland • In September of 1609 he reached what is now the state of new York and sailed up the Hudson River, which he also claimed for Holland • He was attacked by Natives and him and his crew went back to Holland still unable to find access through the continent • Hudson took 2 voyages that reached the new world Henry Hudson • In April of 1610 Hudson went back to England and sailed for them once more • This time he went up over America and into northern Canada • He found a waterway straight which he named the Hudson Straight • The Hudson Straight ended up leading to a large body of water which he claimed for England and named the Hudson Bay • The way was dangerous, the crew was running out of food, and the crew believed there was no way across the continent • ON June 21, 1611 HE along with his son and seven other crew members were put in a boat with no supplies and he was never heard of again • henry hudson’s disCoveries were very important beCause he Claimed the Hudson bay in Canada for England so most of Canada speak English and the Chesapeake Bay and Hudson river for Holland so they could colonize it before England took over Sir Francis drake • in 1577 the queen sent him to break up the Spanish monopoly • he went to south America to attack the Spanish settlements in Chile and in Peru, he was forced to sail westward and return to England in 1580 • He had poor sailing conditions he was forced to sail north and clamed land for England In what is now California • He kept going westward on his journey and returned back to England in 1580 Sir Francis drake • He is from England and sailed to Panama so he could get all of the hidden riches • He learned how to navigate his ship when he was ten years old • he was famous for getting attacked by slaves and still survived • Drake is important because when he landed in California he clamed parts of the west coast for England • They had holdings on both coasts of the continent Sir Walter Raleigh • Sailed for England • Wanted to colonize parts of the new world • 1st voyage he discovered and named Virginia, also discovered Roanoke Island in 1584, also in 1596, he had traveled to El Dorado in search of the golden city, which supposedly overflowed with gold and riches • Headed west to the east coast of the new world • West across the Atlantic ocean • Took at least 4 voyages, to Virginia, Orinoco River, El Dorado, and Roanoke Island Sir Walter Raleigh • He first landed in the new world in Virginia and Roanoke island 1584 • Virginia was claimed and named after the Virgin Queen, and he sent 15 crew members to go and live on Roanoke Island to try and start a new colony • He found a interesting fruit and named it the Pineapple, also when he wanted most of his men to go and start a new colony on Roanoke Island there were Indians who threatened to kill them if they did not leave, he also found the potato and tobacco, the potato was brought back to Ireland and became a important food source, the tobacco will lead great wealth for many farmers coming to the new world • His discoveries were important because it gave England land on the east coast of the mainland of North America, also future in this area would become the original 13 colonies, which will centuries later will become the original 13 states of the United states • Yes, but he was executed by King James the 1st for disobeying him and fighting the Spanish