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Transcript
Ancient Greece: Day 2 Persian War, Philosophers, Peloponnesian War, Alexander and Science & Technology, 1 Athens • Attica Peninsula; leading Greek city-state (Polis) after 750 BCE – Monarchyaristocracytyr annydemocracy • Early Problems: – Small farmers unable to compete with imports • sold land, forced into slavery if unable to pay debts – Common people had no voice in Government Athenian Leaders • Many different forms of government in Greece (monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, tyrants, democracy) • Athenian rulers w/democratic reforms: • Draco: legal code w/equality under law • Solon: outlawed debt slavery & all citizens allowed to participate in Athenian assembly • Cleisthenes: Council of 500 created with random membership & all citizens could submit laws to Athenian assembly • Citizenship – free adult males born in Athens (no women, slaves or foreigners) Phalanx • Greek military formation of hoplites • Heavy infantry, column formation • If the front row falls, the next row takes their places Philosophy • Sophists – questioned people’s unexamined beliefs & ideas about justice & values • Socrates – critic of Sophists (believed absolute truths did exist for truth and justice); Socratic line of questioning; Athenian jury condemns to death Philosophy • Plato – student of Socrates; wrote The Republic (vision of perfectly governed society); founded a school called the Academy (lasted 900 yrs) • Aristotle – student of Plato; method for arguing logic w/rules; applied methods to psychology, physics, & biology; tutored Alexander the Great Philosophy • Stoicism – founded by Zeno; people should live virtuous lives in harmony with the will of god or natural laws; human desires, power, & wealth should be checked; promoted social unity • Epicureanism – founded by Epicurus; gods had no interest in universe; virtuous conduct & absence of pain; goal was to achieve harmony of body and mind Zeno Persian War • Persian Empire controlled Middle East and Greek colonies on Asia Minor – Colonies Revolted(with aid of Athens), Persian king (Darius) determined to punish Athens • Battles – Marathon: Persia attacks, Athens defeats (490 BCE) – Athens built huge navy and organized the city-states (Themistocles) – Thermopylae; attacked by Xerxes (son of Darius), Persia won (480 BCE) – Naval battle of Salamis, Athens won – Final battle of Platea, land battle won by Spartans, drove off Persians • Greek Democracy prevailed and were able to have a “golden age” Persian War Peloponnesian War (Athens & Sparta) (431 BCE-404 BCE) • Athens formed Delian League for protection against the Persians, pirates – really turns into the Athenian Empire • Sparta & others create an anti-Athens alliance; Peloponnesian League • Part I – Spartans invade Athenian territory & burned food supply; city remained safe with colonial & foreign trade; plague in Athens; truce signed • Part II – Athens send fleet to attack Syracuse (ally of Sparta); expedition was a failure (fleet & army) was destroyed; surrendered 9 years later Delian League Peloponnesian War Continued… • Effects: – Ruined fields, city-states ripe for take over, Athenians lose faith in their democracy – Sparta broke, detested for being anti-democratic – Weakened both and allowed for Macedonians to dominate This picture actually represents the Persian War, but it looked cool. Notice the Phalanx behind Leonidas! Alexander the Great • Phillip of Macedonia (Alex’s Dad) – Tried to unify city-states by force – united the militaries and planned to attack Persia, but was assassinated • Alexander – Conquered Persian Empire (Middle East and Egypt), to the Indus River – Largest empire to this point – Died of fever at 33 • Spread Hellenism (culture of the Greeks) Alexander the Great Conquering Persia Science and Technology • Astronomy • Aristarchus – estimates Sun’s size at 300 times larger than earth (was off a bit); said Earth revolved around the Sun • Eratosthenes – calculated Earth’s size at 28-29,000 miles (is 24,860) • Math & Physics • Euclid – wrote Elements (geometric propositions & proofs) • Archimedes – gifted in geometry & physics; invented device that raised water from the ground & the compound pulley Euclid