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ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL GREECE CIVILIZATION COMES TO EUROPE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY • The Land – Mountains dominate land; cross land travel difficult – Fertile river valleys were center of settlement • The Sea – Sea travel easier than land communication • Economy – Agriculture: Grains, honey, olives, grapes – Herding: Goats, sheep, cattle – Trade: Necessary to make up for lack of resources PHYSICAL MAP OF AREA MINOAN SOCIETY • Knossos – Minoan society arose on Crete, late 3rd millennium B.C.E. • Island of Crete – From 2200 to 1450 B.C.E., center of Mediterranean commerce • Society – Much evidence of egalitarian society; women had rights – Agriculture was important: grapes, olives, fishing, wheat – Trade was very important: marble, artifacts, cloth • Decline of Minoan Society – After 1700 B.C.E., earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis – After 1450 B.C.E., wealth attracted a number of invaders – By 1100 B.C.E., Crete fell under foreign (Hellenic) domination THE ISLAND OF CRETE MYCENAEAN GREECE • Mycenaean society – Indo-European immigrants settled in area, 2000 B.C.E. – Society resembled Aryan: emphasis on war, trade – Kingdoms ruled by strongest of nobles; constant strife • Chaos in the eastern Mediterranean 1100 to 800 BCE – Mycenaeans engaged in Trojan war, about 1200 B.C.E. • Recorded by Homer in the Illiad and the Odyssey – More invasions by Hellenic tribes – “Sea Peoples” • Later Hellenic invaders moved by sea along coasts ANCIENT GREECE THE GREEK DARK AGES • 800 TO 500 BCE – Called Dark Ages due to loss of writing – A period of migration and warfare • The Hellenes – Indo-Europeans who settled in area – Warfare, slavery, and trade common GREEK TRIBES THE POLIS • Greek City-State – Polis = city-state; Poleis = city-states – Acropolis = fortified center of city • Most important – Athens – Sparta POLIS OF ATTICA POLITICAL FORMS – – – – Demos: People – Democracy (direct election) Aristos: The Best – Aristocracy (nobles) Oligos: The Few – Oligarchy (rule by select few) Monos: One – Monarchy (rule by a king) SPARTA • Sparta – – – – Situated in a fertile region of the Peloponnesus Reduced neighboring peoples to the status of helots, or servants By 6th century B.C.E., helots outnumbered Spartans by 10 to 1 Maintained domination by a powerful military machine • Spartan society – Society was a military aristocracy; state ruled by two kings – Women: surprisingly free in comparison to other Greek women LACONIA: SPARTA • Athens – – – – ATHENS Population growth, economic development caused political strain Sought to negotiate order by democratic principles Citizenship was open to free adult males Foreigners, slaves, and women had no rights • Athenian society – Maritime trade brought about prosperity – Class tension became intensified • Solon and Athenian democracy – Solon forged a compromise between the classes • Pericles (ca. 443-429 B.C.E.) – Ruled Athens during its Golden Age GREECE & THE LARGER WORLD • Greeks founded more than 400 colonies • Effects of Greek colonization – Facilitated trade among Mediterranean lands – Facilitate exchanges between peoples, cultures – Spread of Greek language and cultural traditions THE GREEK WORLD GREEK MILITARY • Based on citizen soldiers – Lightly armed, armored foot soldiers (Hoplites) • Carry shields, long spear – Fought in massed formations called Phalanx • Greek navy – Rowed vessels called galleys • Most famous was the trireme or three oar banked THE PERSIAN WARS • The Persian War (500-479 B.C.E.) – Cyrus and Darius controlled Anatolia – Greek cities on Ionian coast revolted, 500 B.C.E. – Darius’ Invasion • The battle of Marathon, 490 B.C.E. • Greeks led by Spartans and Athens battled Persia to a draw – Xerxes Invasion • Athenian navy destroys Persian in the battle of Salamis, 480 B.C.E. • Persian army retreated back to Anatolia, 479 B.C.E. • The Delian League – Alliance among Greek poleis against Persian threat PELOPONNESIAN WAR • Pericles Rebuilds Athens – Athens experiences a Golden Age • 30 Year Civil War (431-404 B.C.E.) – Athens and Allies vs. Sparta and Allies – Costly victories/defeats and plague wreck city – Unconditional surrender of Athens, 404 B.C.E. • Hegemony first by Sparta and then by Thebes – Constant warfare between leagues, allies – Greece horribly weakened – Athens remained intellectual center of Greece RISE OF MACEDONIA • The kingdom of Macedon – A frontier state north of peninsular Greece – Partially Hellenized society • Philip of Macedon (re. 359-336 B.C.E.) – Brought Greece under control by 338 B.C.E. – Murdered possibly by wife and son • Alexander of Macedon and his conquests – – – – – – Educated by Aristotle; gifted in many areas Invaded Persia, controlled Ionia and Anatolia, 333 B.C.E. By 331 B.C.E., controlled Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia Invaded Persian homeland and burned Persepolis Crossed Indus River by 327 B.C.E. Died in 323 B.C.E. at age of 33 ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE HELLENISTIC EMPIRES • The Hellenistic Era: Age of Alexander and his successors – • Saw a blending of Hellenic (Greek) and Asian, Egyptian traditions The Antigonid empire in Greece, Macedonia and Thrace – • The economy of Athens flourished again through trade The Ptolemaic empire ruled Egypt, Cyprus, often Holy Land – – The wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires Alexandria • • • The capital of Ptolemaic empire, at the mouth of the Nile Cultural center: the famous Alexandria Museum and Alexandria Library The Seleucid empire Mesopotamia, Persia, India – – More Greek influence than in Egypt Greek, Macedonian colonists flocked to new Greek HELLENISTIC WORLD INTEGRATION OF MEDITERRANEAN • Trade – – • Olive oil, wine, in exchange for grain and other items Trade brought prosperity, population growth, colonization Panhellenic festivals – – – Colonists shared the same religion and language Periodic panhellenic festivals reinforced their common bonds Olympic games, the best known panhellenic festival FAMILY AND SOCIETY • Aristocracy (landed elites) vs. common – – • Over years, aristocracy gradually came to control most states Held most of the social, political power Patriarchal society – – – • Male family heads ruled households, Upper-class women wore veils in public, accompanied by servants Women could not own land but could operate small business Slavery – Worked as agricultural laborers, domestic servants RATIONITY AND PHILOSOPHY • The formation of Greek cultural traditions – • Socrates (470-399 B.C.E.) – – – • An Athenian philosopher, determined to understand human beings Encouraged reflection on ethics and morality Was condemned to death on charge of corrupting Athenian youths Plato (430-347 B.C.E.) – – • The Greek cultural feature: a philosophy based on human reason, rationality A zealous disciple of Socrates His Republic expressed the ideal of philosophical kings Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) – – Plato's disciple Devised rules of logic to construct arguments; father of western science GREEK RELIGION & FINE ARTS • Greek Polytheism – Deities: Zeus, Athena, Apollo and many others • The Theatre – Tragic drama (Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides) • Dramas performed at annual theatrical festivals – Comic drama (Aristophanes) • Lampooned public and political figures • Art and Architecture – Both were for public consumption and public enjoyment – Balance, proportion and rationality part of design HELLENISTIC WORLD VIEWS • Hellenistic philosophers – Epicureans • Identified pleasure as greatest good; freedom from turmoil, pressure – Skeptics • Doubted certainty of knowledge, sought equanimity – Stoics • Cultivated by strict discipline of the body and mind.