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Polis Expansion Sparta Athens Greek City States Polis • Citizens who have Rights (most males) - ~10% • asty + chora = polis. • Asty is the Greek word for the city proper, the core of the polis. • Chora means region or district; in our formula, it refers to the agricultural hinterland around a polis. City-State Organization • Acropolis – formal politics • Agora – market; informal politics • Pop. Range from few thousand to 300,000 Athens by 5th century BCE • Polis (plu. Poleis) = urban core + a rural zone • Athens + Attica = Athenian polis; • Sparta + Laconia = Spartan polis Polis • Rights with responsibilities • Loyalty • City-states = rivals New War Style • Old = cavalry aristocrats • Hoplite warrior • Phalanx formation • Discipline • Resistant to cavalry, so aristocrats no longer dominant Expansion - Colonization Dardanelles Or “Hellespont” Bosporus Colonization Causes • Farmland • Trade opportunities Effects • Spread of Greek culture to peoples in colonized areas • Economic advantage of control of waterways • Hellespont • Bosporus • Created wealthy elite in cities • Frustrated by lack of access to political power that was reserved for landowners Colonization… • Trade for food • (+) = increase population • (-) = rely on foreigners Tyranny • Seize power by force from aristocrats • Not necessarily bad • Cause: wealthy elite who made $$ from trade & industry joined with poor peasants in debt • Hired soldiers • Tyrant not always bad… • In some places led to development of democracy Sparta • Conquered Laconians & Messenians • “helots” • Military! • Government • Ephors • 5 men • Council of Elders • 2 kings • 28 citizens over 60 • Assembly of all male citizens vote Spartans • • • • • • Isolationists Conservatives extreme Xenophobic Anti-education Simple, disciplined life Look down on merchants and trade Athens • Monarchy, then oligarchy, then democracy • Problems by 600s BCE • Farmers sold into slavery for debt • Smaller number of aristocrats own larger amount of the land Draco • Circa 621 B.C., Draco codified the laws of Athens and posted them in the Athenian agora. This code was harsh • “Draconian” • Athens was, in principle, now ruled by laws, not by men. Athens: Solon • 594 BCE • Reformer • How can we avoid civil war or a tyranny? • • • • • • Aristocrat Cancelled debts Freed ppl enslaved for debt Refused to redistribute land Tyranny came anyway Right to vote = wealth • “timocracy” • Council of 400 sets agenda • “initiative” Peisistratus • 560 BCE • Tyrant, though of aristocrat class • Help trade to appease merchant classes • Redistribute land • Rebellion against his son Cleisthenes • 512 BCE seizes power • Participation based on residence, not birth or wealth • Council of 500 • Foreign affairs • Treasury • Propose laws • Assembly • All male citizens • Pass laws • Debate Factors in the Development of Democracy • Economic • Military • Philosophical Interesting Ideas from Athens • • • • • • • • Ostracism “Hellenes” Individualism Oligarchy Tyranny Democracy Monarchy Aristocracy • Rhetoric Discussion Topics for Athens • Tendency of wealth (i.e., land) to become accumulated into the hands of fewer and fewer over time • Compare to Rome’s latifundia • The phalanx as a contributor to democracy • Compare to long bow in Hundred Years’ War • Trade as alternative path to wealth but tendency of aristocracy to hang on • Compare to commercial revolution in Europe 15th century