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IB Assessment
13.1.1 Explain the physical states (under
standard
conditions)
and
electrical
conductivity (in the molten state) of the
chlorides and oxides of the elements in
period 3 in terms of their bonding and
structure.
IB Assessment
13.1.2 Describe the reactions of
chlorine and the chlorides referred to in
13.1.1 with water.
Period 3 Oxides
P4O10(l)/ SO3(l) / Cl2 O7(l) /
Na2O(s) MgO(s) Al2O3(s) SiO2(g)
P4O6(l) SO2 (g) Cl2 O(g)
ionic
basic
*
**
covalent
acidic
*Giant covalent (macromolecular)
**Amphoteric
Period 3 Oxides
P4O10(l) SO3(l) /
MgO(s
Na2O(s)
Al2O3(s) SiO2(g)
)
/P4O6(l) SO2 (g)
Melting
Point
High
(ionic bonding)
Electrical
Conductivity
(molten
state)
Good
Reacts
Yes
with water (basic soln.)
No
Cl2O7(l) /
Cl2O(g)
Low
High
(intermolecular forces)
Poor
None
No
Yes
(acidic solutions)
Period 3 Chlorides
MgCl2(s Al2Cl6(s)
NaCl(s)
SiCl4(l)
)
(AlCl3)
Structure
Melting
Point
Electrical
Conductivity
(molten
state)
Reacts
with water
ionic
high
(801 oC - 714 oC
good
S2Cl2(l)
(dissolves
easily)
Cl2(g)
covalent
Moderat
e
(178 oC)
poor
low
(-70 oC to -112 oC)
none
slowly
no
weakl
Nature of neutra
y
solution
PCl3(l)/
PCl5(s)
HCl produced
acidic
(both
oxidized &
reduced)
IB Assessment
13.2.1 List the characteristic
properties of transition elements.
Transition element:
Any element that contains
partially filled d orbitals in their
atoms or ions.
(Allows electrons to “transition” from
one d orbital to another.)
Characteristic properties of transition
elements:
• variable oxidation numbers (charges)
• form complex ions
• form colored compounds
• have catalytic properties
IB Assessment
13.2.2 Explain why Sc and Zn are not
considered to be transition elements.
Both Sc and Zn do not contain ions with
partially filled d orbitals:
IB Assessment
13.2.3 Explain the existence of variable
oxidation number in ions of transition
elements.
Transition elements can be oxidized to
lose 1, 2, 3, or more electrons.
IB Assessment
13.2.4 Define the term ligand.
Ligand:
A molecule or negative ion that
donates a pair of electrons* to a
central metal ion to form a dative
covalent (coordinate) bond.
*a Lewis base
IB Assessment
13.2.5 Describe and explain the formation of
complexes of d-block elements.
p97
Complex ion:
A central ion, usually a transition
metal ion, surrounded by a fixed
number of ligands which form
dative covalent (coordinate)
bonds with the d orbitals.
Common shapes
Examples
Page 98
IB Assessment
13.2.6 Explain why some complexes of dblock elements are colored.
p100
The color of transition metals is due to a
split in the d sub-level, each with slightly
different energies....
3+(aq)
Example
Ti(H2O)
6
. ...the
electronhere:
transitions
between
light istoabsorbed
and its
themGreen
(from lower
higher energy)
complimentary
colorof
(purple)
results
in an absorbance
specificis
colorsemitted.
of light.
TiCl3(aq)
IB Assessment
13.2.7 State examples of the catalytic action
of transition elements and their compounds.
You only need to know those
examples shown in the
video...
add them to your notes as we
come to them!
IB Assessment
13.2.8 Outline the economic significance of
catalysts in the Contact and Haber
processes.
Process
Haber
Contact
The catalytic properties of many
transition elements and their compounds
help to make many important industrial
processes
more
efficient
and
economical:
Catalyst
Product
Uses
Fe
V2O5
ammonia
production of fertilizers, plastics,
drugs, explosives...
sulfuric
acid
production of detergents,
dyes, explosives, drugs,
other chemicals... ; the electrolyte
in the lead-acid storage (car)
batteries
Process
Haber
Contact
The catalytic properties of many
transition elements and their compounds
help to make many important industrial
processes
more
efficient
and
economical:
Catalysts
Product
Uses
Fe
V2O5
ammonia
production of fertilizers, plastics,
drugs, explosives...
sulfuric
acid
The most produced chemical in
the world... It’s production is a
strong indicator of the strength of
a country’s economy.