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Cells, Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems
by Elizabeth Harris.
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What is a Cell?
Cells are the smallest unit of living matter. All living things are made up of cells including
bacteria, insects, small mammal’s and humans. There are a lot of different cells. Cells contain
atoms which is matter, the basic building blocks of objects. (1, 3)
Organism
Bacteria
Insect
Small mammal
Human
Bacteria are tiny
organisms whose single
cells have neither a
membrane-bounded
nucleus nor other
membrane-bounded
organelles. These
organisms are very
successful. Did you
know all bacteria found
on the surface of our
planet weigh more than
any other species?
That's amazing.
An insect can have millions of cells.
Insects have basic organ systems
that help all insects live and
reproduce. An organ system is a
group of organs that work together to
complete a specific task.
A small mammal can
contain millions of cells.
Don’t let size fool you.
Cells are microscopic so
they can fit in almost
any small space! Small
mammals also contain a
specific array of organ
systems
including
respiratory, circulatory,
ect. Which also included
in human organ systems
as well.
There are eleven major
organ systems in the
human body. Humans
contain a skeletal organ
system,
reproductive,
and an excretory organ
system. Humans can
produce billions of new
cells each hour! We put
our organ systems to
work.
Diagram
Notes
How Cells, Tissues, and Organ Systems Work.
Certain cells perform certain functions. When two cells perform similar functions they are both
organized into tissues. For example: A tissue like a skin tissue contain a collection of cells that are
highly specialized and are designed to do their job by creating new cells and absorbing the
nutrients to keep the skin healthy. If the cells in our skin didn’t fight off infection we would die
due to the infection passing through our skin into our body. (1, 3, 5)
Part
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems such
as Circulatory
Cells are all different.
Each cell has a job. For
example a red blood
cells job is to carry
oxygen to the rest of
the body.
Tissues like blood and
skin are collections of
cells working together
to keep life in motion.
Organs like the heart,
brain, liver, and skin are all
collections of tissues. The
tissue
contains
many
functions to keep the
organs alive. The organs
all work together to sustain
life and create and organ
system.
This group of organs
transport blood and the
nutrients in blood through
out the body. This group of
organs work together and
become an organ system.
Diagram
Notes
How do cells and organ systems work together to create an
organism?

An organism is a living thing that can react to certain things like light, glucose,
carbon dioxide, etc. reproduce, grow, and maintain homeostasis. An organism can be
a bacteria, protist, fungi, virus, animal, or plant.
 An organ system is a group of organs that work together and complete a particular
task such as the respiratory systems job is to carry oxygen to your lungs and other
parts of your body then dispose of carbon dioxide.
 A cell is the structural, functional, and biological unit of organisms. (1, 5, 6. 7, 8)
“When two or more similar cells join together we get a tissue.
Two or more similar tissue fuse to form a organ.
Different organs function together to make a organ system.“ (8)
This is a tree map
explaining the flow of
how cells and organ
systems contribute to
making an organism.
Plant and animal cells
Plant and animal cells both have some things in common such as a nucleus. Plant cells contain
unique organelles that use light and turn it into energy. This is called photosynthesis. Each tiny cell
organelle has a special job to do within the cell. (1, 4)
Cell
Animal
Plant
Diagram
Cell part
Function
Nucleus
Found in both cells, A nucleus controls activity and contains cell genes.
Mitochondria
Breaths glucose and oxygen within the cell. Only found in animal cells.
Cell
membrane
The outer part of the cell which gives the cell shape and controls the cells molecules as
there passed in and out of the cell. Found both in animal and plant cells.
Cytoplasm
Chemical reactions that are very essential in the certain area. Found in both plant and
animal cells.
Cell wall
Strengthens the cell in the plant. Is made from cellulose. Found in Plant cells.
Vacuole
Contains a liquid that is sugary called cell sap. Found in plant cells.
Chloroplast
Carries out photosynthesis, turning light into energy. Only found in plant cells.
Essential cell organelles
Cell organelles carry out important functions in plants and animal cells. The nucleus builds
new proteins including enzymes and also controls activity in the cell so nothing goes hay
wire. The nucleus also contains DNA, the material of inheritance and is able to produce
new daughter cells during cell division aka mitosis. Mitochondria breathes glucose and
oxygen releasing energy. (1, 5)
Cell organelles in plants and animals:
Organelle
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Found in both
plant and animal
cells, Mitochondria
breaths
glucose
and oxygen to
release
energy
along with Co2
and water.
Chloroplast is only
found in plant cells.
They are able to
combine
carbon
dioxide and water by
using the energy from
light.
By doing this
they release oxygen
and glucose.
A
cell’s
nucleus
contains
necessary
information or genes
so it’s able to produce
new
cells,
new
enzymes and new
proteins.
Humans
have over 30,000
genes.
Controls passage of
substances in and out
of a cell. Movement of
the molecules happen
by
active
uptake,
which is high activity
in
taking
up
molecules.
Diagram
Function
Specific cells in Humans and Animals
Cells are designed for specific functions in the human body and an animal body, which are very
much alike. Billions and billions of cells work together in our body to support their assigned life.
A red blood cell for example does not contain a nucleus so there is more room to transport more
oxygen to the rest of the body. A muscle cell may contain more mitochondria than normal cells
because it must produce more energy. (1, 2, 4)
Specific cells in animals:
Cell
Red blood cell
Nerve cell
Sperm cell
Muscle cells
Red blood cells
contain
no
nucleus and have
a larger surface
area. This allows
than to carry
more oxygen to
larger areas of
the body.
These
cells
carry
connections
through
out
our body
to
different nerve cells.
The can send out
impulses
to
other
nerve cells to send our
body
different
messages in a short
amount of time.
Sperm cells can swim
to their destination,
being the female egg,
using the tails and
streamlined head to
reach the female egg
and
deliver
fertilization.
Muscle cells are rich
in
mitochondria
allowing
them
to
produce
massive
amounts of energy by
taking in glucose and
oxygen and turning it
into energy. They
contract to make our
bodies move.
Diagram
Notes
Specific cells in Plants.
Like in animal cells, plant cells are also specifically designed to function along with their rolls and
produce life. Millions of cells work together to produce food for these green plants by taking light
and turning it into energy. A pollen cell, for example is like a male sperm cell compared to an
animal sperm cell. The pollen cell is transferred to the female carpel by insects therefore creating
new genetic information to create a new plant. (1, 8, 10)
Cell
Root hair cell
Xylem cells
Pollen cell
Stomata cell
Root hair cells
contain a large
surface area, just
like red blood cells.
They have this
large surface area
to take in more
minerals and water
to
create
photosynthesis for
a healthy plant.
Water is carried up
and down the plants
stem and through the
Xylem vessels. These
are long tubes that
reach from the roots to
the leaf. Water moves
in xylem cells.
Pollen cells are like
the male gametes and
are transferred to the
female
carpel
by
insects such as bees.
Each
pollen
cell
contains
genetic
information to create
a new specific plant.
These cells are located
on the underside of
leaves to exchange
water, carbon dioxide,
and
oxygen
when
photosynthesis
is
occurring in the plant.
Diagram
Notes
The size of cells in plants and animals
Cells in plants and animals come in all different sizes. We need a microscope to exam the
size of cells. Plant cells are much smaller than animal cells. Both plant and animal cells
split or divide before becoming to large. If cells didn’t split the surface area would become
too large and release oxygen and nutrients that could have been absorbed. (1, 10,11)
Cell
Typical animal cells
Typical plant cells
Cell division in plants and animals
Diagram
Notes
Mitosis
Animal cells range
much larger than
plant cells. They can
stretch to 10 to 100
meters.
Plant cells are
much smaller than
animal cells. Plant
cells stretch from
10
to
30
micrometers.
Stage one
2n
Parent cell
Stage two
4n
DNA replicates
Stage three
2n
Chromosomes
separate
Stage four
2n
2 Daughter cells
When cell volume increases, the ratio
decreases between surface area and
volume decreasing. This reduces the cells
ability to absorb nutrients and oxygen in the
cell membrane. Over a million cells split in
our bodies every day doubling our cells.
References
1. Unit 38 Cells, Tissues, and Organ Systems
http://www.slideshare.net/scienceinteractive/unit-38-cells-tissues-organs-and-organsystems
2. Medicene.Net
http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=5260
3. Biology.about.com
http://biology.about.com/od/organsystems/a/aa031706a.htm
4. Cells Alive!
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm
5. Cells and Organelles
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/cells.htm
6. Answers.com
http://www.answers.com/topic/organism
7. Biology-online.org
http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Cell
8. Biology-online.org
http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Cell
9. Wiki.answers.com
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Relate_cells_to_tissues_to_organs_to_organ_systems_how_
do_they_work_together
References
10. Microscopy.fsu.edu
http://www.microscopy.fsu.edu/cells/plantcell.html
11. Wikipedia.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29
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