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Chapter 15
State Building and the
Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
Social Crises, War, and
Rebellions
Economic Contraction
Import of silver from Americas declined
Economic recession intensified
Population Changes
16th century saw growth
• First population recovery since the Black Death
17th century leveled off & declined
• Population growth leveled off by 1620 and declined slightly by
1750
• Population fluctuated narrowly for the rest of the 17th century
• Reasons: war, famine, and plague along with a “little ice age”
which affected harvests
Possible Test Question
Seventeenth-century European population
Increased dramatically due to greater food
production.
Decreased dramatically due to disease and war.
Experienced great fluctuations as European
nations established colonies.
Fluctuated narrowly, constrained by famines
and diseases.
A and C.
The Witchcraft Craze
Witchcraft existed for centuries as a traditional
village culture
Medieval church connected witchcraft to the
devil, making it an act of heresy
Establishment of the Inquisition in the 13th
century, increased prosecutions and executions
Accusations against witches
• Allegiance to the devil
• Attended sabbats
• Use of evil incantations or potions
Reasons for witchcraft prosecutions
• Religious uncertainty (areas of strife between Protestants &
Catholics)
• Social conditions – old single women cut off from charity by
the new emphasis on capitalism over communal interests
became the scapegoats when problems arose
Women as primary victims
• Most theologians, lawyers, & philosophers believed women
were inferior to men & more susceptible to witchcraft
Begins to subside by mid-seventeenth century
• Fewer judges were willing to prosecute accused witches
• A more educated populous questioned the old view of a world
haunted by spirits
Possible Test Question
The witch hunts of the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries
Came out of the social unrest deriving from the
shift from individualism to communalism.
were often directed against old single women.
Were generally directed only at people who
denied that they were religious.
Were primarily restricted to rural areas.
Were minimal in comparison to the late Middle
Ages.
The Thirty Years War
(1618 – 1648)
Background
Religious conflict (militant Catholicism & militant Calvinism)
Secular, dynastic-nationalist considerations were more important
Tensions in the Holy Roman Empire
• Most of the fighting took place in Germany, but it was a Europe wide
struggle
• Conflict for European leadership
• Between: Bourbon dynasty of France vs.
Habsburg dynasty of Spain & Holy Roman Empire
Posturing for war (think alliance system)
• Frederick IV of Palatinate (Calvinist) formed the Protestant Union
• Duke Maximilian of Bavaria (Catholic) formed the Catholic League
of German States
• Germany divided into two armed alliances along religious lines
• Holy Roman Emperors looked to relatives in Spain to help
consolidate their authority in the German States
• German princes looked to Spain’s enemy France for support
The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)
Bohemian estates accepted Habsburg Archduke
Ferdinand as their king
Ferdinand set about re-catholicizing Bohemia
Protestants rebelled in 1618, deposing Ferdinand &
electing Protestant ruler Frederick V of Palatinate (head
of Protestant Union)
Ferdinand is elected Holy Roman Emperor & returned
with the help of Maximilian of Bavaria & the Catholic
League
Imperial forces & Spanish retook Bohemia & captured
Palatinate by 1622
The Danish Phase (1625 – 1629)
•King Christian IV of Denmark intervened on the
Protestant side
•Formed alliances with United Provinces & England
•Christian IV’s forces were defeated, ending Danish
supremacy in the Baltic Sea
•Emperor Ferdinand II issued the Edict of Restitution
(1629)
•Prohibited Calvinist worship
•Restored property to the Catholic church
The Swedish Phase (1630 – 1635)
Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden enters the war
Gustavus’s army defeated imperial forces & moved into central
Germany
Imperial forces defeat the Swedes at the battle of Nordlingen, ensuring
that southern Germany would remain Catholic
The emperor tried to use this victory to make peace by annulling the
Edict of Restitution of 1629
The peace failed because the Swedes wished to continue fighting & the
French Catholics under Cardinal Richelieu were about to enter the war
on the Protestant side
The Franco-Swedish Phase (1635 –
1648)
• Battle of Rocroi (1643) French defeat Spanish troops,
ending Spain’s military greatness
• French defeat Bavarian & Imperialist armies in Southern
Germany
• War in Germany ends in 1648 but continues between the
French & Spanish until 1659
Possible Test Question
The Thirty Years’ War
Eventually involved every country in Europe and Asia.
Is considered by most to be the first “modern” war.
Is considered by most to be part of the larger BourbonHabsburg struggle.
Was primarily fought in Spain.
Was exclusively caused by religious differences.
Possible Test Question
The event that sparked the Thirty Years’ War was
A rebellion of Protestant nobles against the Catholic
ruler Ferdinand in Bohemia.
The invasion of France by Frederick IV.
The Spanish conquest of the Netherlands and
subsequent local enforcement of the bloody Inquisition.
The overthrow of Spanish rule in Mesoamerica by
Dutch pirates and privateers.
England’s victory over the Spanish Armada.
Outcomes of the 30 year war
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
•
•
•
•
All German states were free to determine their own religion
France & Sweden gained territory
Holy Roman emperor reduced to a figurehead
Made clear that religion & politics were now separate
Social and economic effects
• Decline in German Population
• Some areas of Germany were devastated, others were
untouched & experienced economic growth
• Most destructive European war to date
Possible Test Question
As a result of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648
The German population was to be converted to
Catholicism.
All German states could choose their own religions,
except for Calvinism.
German states were allowed to determine their religion.
The institution of the Holy Roman Empire was to be
the ruling force in Germany for the next 100 years.
The Holy Roman Empire was dismembered.
Outcomes continued
Peace of Pyrenees (1659)
Ends the conflict between France & Spain
Spain becomes a 2nd class power
France emerges as the dominant European nation
Some historians feel the 30 years (1618-1648) should
actually be called the 50 years war (1609-1659)
stretching from the formation of the Protestant Union &
Catholic League to the Peace of Pyrenees
Map 15.1: The Thirty Years’ War
A Military Revolution?
War and Politics in Seventeenth-Century Europe made it
essential that a ruler had a powerful military
New Tactics
Battalions of infantry armed with pikes became superior to cavalry
Gustavus Adolphus employed a standing army (conscripts) instead
of mercenaries
Mixed musketeers with pikemen effectively (volley of shots
followed by a rush)
Adolphus used a similar strategy with cavalry
New Technologies
Firearms, cannons, standing armies, mobile tactics
The Cost of a Modern Military
Heavier taxes making war an economic burden
State bureaucracy grew and so did the power of state government
Possible Test Question
The “military revolution,” or changes in the
science and practice of warfare between
1550 and 1650, saw armies
Become more disciplined but less flexible.
Align in units of blocks rather than lines.
Abandon the use of cavalry.
Change from mercenaries to conscripts for
manpower.
Change from conscripts to more reliable
mercenary soldiers.
Rebellions
Peasant Revolts (1590 – 1640)
France, Austria, Hungary, Portugal and
Catalonia experienced Peasant revolts
• France also had nobles revolt 1648 to 1652
Russia (1641, 1645 and 1648)
• Peasant revolts in the cities
Sweden, Denmark & United Provinces
• Revolts involving clergy, nobles, workers
Most revolts were due to the 30 Years’ War and
discontent over government
Absolute Monarchy in France
Absolutism – sovereign power or ultimate
authority in the state rested in the hands of a king
who claimed to rule by divine right
Foundations of French Absolutism
Political Theorist Jean Bodin defined sovereign power
as authority to:
• Make laws, tax, administer justice, control the state &
determine foreign policy
Bishop Jacques Bossuet wrote:
Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture –
God established kings so their rule was divine
Possible Test Question
Absolutism means
The real power in any state must be religious
and exercised by the church.
Ultimate authority rests solely in the hands of a
king who rules by divine right.
Subordinate powers have an absolute right to
advise the king on conducting the affairs of
state.
No matter how humble, male citizens have an
absolute right to participate in politics.
Rule by a secular dictator, justifying his/her
authority by supposedly serving the people.
Cardinal Richelieu (1624 – 1642)
Cardinal Richelieu (1624 – 1642)
• Louis XIII’s chief advisor
• Initiated policies that strengthened the monarchy
• Eliminated political & military rights of Huguenots
(French Calvinists) but preserved their religious
ones
• Transformed the Huguenots into more reliable
subjects
• Eliminated noble threats to the crown
• Sent out royal officials (intendants) to reform &
strengthen the central government
• Richelieu ran the crown into debt
 Mismanagement of funds & 30 Years’ War expenditures
Possible Test Question
As Louis XIII’s chief minister, Cardinal
Richelieu was most successful in
Evicting the Huguenot presence from France
after the La Rochelle rebellion.
Expanding the political and social rights of the
Huguenots.
Creating a reservoir of funds for the treasury.
Emerging victorious from the Fronde revolts of
the nobility.
Strengthening the central role of the monarchy
in domestic and foreign policy.
Cardinal Mazarin (1642 – 1661)
Cardinal Mazarin (1642 – 1661)
Richelieu’s successor
• Louis the XIII died a few months later
• Louis the XIV inherited the crown at the age of 4
• Mazarin was Italian born, so he was resented
The Fronde-Noble Revolt
• Nobles sided with Parlement of Paris-both opposed taxes
levied to pay for 30 Years’ War
• 1st Fronde- Nobles of the robe (lawyers & administrators)
ended in compromise
• 2nd Fronde – Nobles of the sword, (medieval nobles) was
crushed as nobles began fighting amongst themselves
• After the Fronde ended, the people of France looked to the
crown to provide stability
Possible Test Question
The series of noble revolts known as the
Fronde resulted in
The assassination of Cardinal Mazarin in 1661.
Renewed power for the Parlement of Paris.
A unified noble army securing and increasing
its own power.
French citizens looking to the monarchy for
stability.
The reappearance of the Estates General as
France’s law-making body.
The Reign of Louis XIV (1643 – 1715)
Louis XIV took control of France at the age of 23
Administration of the Government
Domination and bribery
• Dominated the actions of ministers and secretaries
• Stacked the royal council with loyal followers from new
aristocratic families
• Issued bribes to control provinces and the people who ran
them
Religious Policy “One King, one law, one faith”
Edict of Fontainebleau (1685)
• Revoked the Edict of Nantes (1598)
• Destruction of Huguenot churches & closing of Protestant
schools
• Over 200k Huguenots left France, weakening the economy &
strengthening Protestant opposition to Louis in other countries
Possible Test Question
Louis XIV restructured the policy-making
machinery of the French government by
Personally dominating the actions of his
ministers and secretaries.
Stacking the royal council with loyal followers
from relatively new aristocratic families.
Selecting his ministers from established
aristocratic families.
All of the above.
A and B.
Possible Test Question
Louis XIV’s Edict of Fontainbleau
Created new ranks of intendants to govern various
regions of France.
Revoked the earlier Edict of Nantes, curtailed the rights
of French Protestants, and caused thousands of highly
skill Huguenots to flee the country.
Established new standards of court etiquette and was
intended to diminish the power of great nobles.
Removed most French bishops from their sees and
replaced them with nobles to strengthen Louis’ control
of the French Catholic Church.
Moved the Estates General from Paris to Fontainebleau.
Financial Issues
Jean Baptist Colbert (1619 – 1683) (controller
general of finances)
• Helped Louis avoid economic disaster
• Followed mercantilist approach – decrease imports,
increase exports
• Raised tariffs on imports causing tension with
neighboring countries
• Tax burden still fell on the peasants
Possible Test Question
The economic policies of jean-Baptiste Colbert,
Louis XIV’s controller general of finances
Were noted for their innovation and originality.
Used new accounting practices to take the tax burden
off the peasants.
Were based on the economic theory of mercantilism
that stressed government regulation of economic affairs
to benefit the state.
Gave Louis the large surplus in the treasury needed to
carry out his wars.
Could best be described as laissez-faire.
Palace at Versailles
Daily Life at Versailles
Purposes of Versailles
• Intended to overawe subjects & impress foreign dignitaries
• Housed royal officials & princes
Court life and etiquette
• Set the standard for European monarchies
• Princes & nobles were arranged according to seniority
 Real purpose was to exclude them from power by including them
in the life of the king at Versailles
Possible Test Question
The costly palace built by Louis XIV, that
became the envy of all European monarchs,
was
Fontainebleau.
Versailles.
Aix-la-Chapelle.
Avignon.
Mont St. Michele.
The Wars of Louis XIV
The Wars of Louis XIV
Professional army: 100,000 men in peacetime; 400,000 in wartime
Louis XIV waged war to insure French dominance in Europe and
preserve the Bourbon dynasty
Four wars between 1667 – 1713
• Invasion of Spanish Netherlands (1667-1668)
 Triple Alliance (English, Dutch & Swedes) forced Louis to sue
for peace (received a few towns in the Spanish Netherlands)
• Dutch War (1672-1678)
 Louis invaded the United Provinces leading Brandenburg, Spain,
& the Holy Roman Empire to form a coalition to stop him
 Received Franche-Comte from Spain
• Annexation of Alsace and Lorraine, occupation of Strasbourg
(1679) led to new opposition.
Louis’s Wars
• War of the League of Augsburg (1689 – 1697)
 Spain, The Holy Roman Empire, the United
Provinces, Sweden, & England formed the
League of Augsburg
 Caused economic depression and famine in
France
 Treaty of Ryswick ended the war causing Louis
to give up most of the territory he had previously
gained
Louis’s Wars
• War of the Spanish Succession (1702 – 1713)
 Louis’s grandson was set to inherit the Spanish throne,
(Phillip V) scaring neighboring countries about a united
Spain & France
 Coalition of England, United Provinces, Habsburg Austria,
& the German states opposed France & Spain
 Peace of Utrecht (1713)
 Confirmed Phillip V as ruler of Spain
 Affirmed thrones would remain separate
 Coalition gained French & Spanish territory
 England emerges as a strong naval force, gaining
territory in America from France
 Louis XIV died 2 years later, leaving France broke
and surrounded by enemies.
Map 15.2: The Wars of Louis XIV
Possible Test Question
The War of the Spanish Succession was
effectively concluded with the Peace of
Utrecht in 1713 which
Gave the French king control of Spanish
territories.
Gave France control over the Spanish
Netherlands, Naples, and Milan.
Greatly benefited England, by then a strong
naval power.
Destroyed the European balance of power.
Ended the independence of Spain, which was
now under Bourbon rule.
The Decline of Spain
Bankruptcies in 1596 and in 1607
Phillip II
Spent money on war
Philip III (1598 – 1621)
Spent money on court luxuries
Allowed nobles to run the country (widespread corruption)
Philip IV (1621 – 1665)
Chief minister Gaspar de Guzman attempts reform
Aimed at curtailing power of the Catholic Church and the
aristocracy
The Thirty Years’ War
Expensive military campaigns
Civil War
The Netherlands lost
Absolutism in Central and
Eastern Europe
The German States
The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia
• The Hohenzollern Dynasty
• Frederick William the Great Elector (1640 – 1688)
 Army (standing army of 40K men)
 General War Commissariat to levy taxes
 Evolved into an agency for civil government
 Reinforced serfdom through concessions to the nobles
 Used Mercantilist Policies
 High tariffs, subsidies, & monopolies
• Frederick III (1688 – 1713)
 Aided Holy Roman Empire in the War of Spanish Succession
 In return, he was granted the title King of Prussia (1701)
Possible Test Question
Frederick William the Elector built BrandenburgPrussia into a significant European power by
Establishing religious uniformity in his kingdom, as
evidenced in his eviction of the Huguenots.
Freeing the peasants from the dominion of the nobles.
Using his army whenever possible to gain his ends.
Making the General War Commissariat the bureaucratic
machine of his state.
Allying Prussia with England and Russia against
France and the Holy Roman Empire.
The Emergence of Austria
Habsburgs
Gave up hope of a German empire, turned to Eastern
Europe
Leopold I (1658 – 1705)
Expands eastward
Conflicts with the Turks
• Siege of Vienna (1683)
• Defeated Turks (1687) & gained Hungary, Transylvania,
Croatia, and Slovenia
• Gained Spanish territory in Netherlands and Northern Italy
from the War of Spanish Succession
• Austria did not have a centralized government controlled by
the monarchy. Instead they relied on loyalty from regional
nobility.
Possible Test Question
The Austrian Empire in the seventeenth
century
Was unified by linguistic and ethnic ties.
Was defeated at Vienna by a Turkish army in
1687.
Was a highly centralized, absolutist state under
Leopold I.
Lost a German empire, but gained one in
eastern and southeastern Europe.
Successfully expanded into Western Europe.
Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule
Defeat of the French in Italy by Charles V (1530)
Allowed Italian rulers to stay in power as long as
they acknowledged Spanish superiority
Spanish Presence (1559 – 1713)
Tightened control under Phillip II’s reign
Consequences of the War of the Spanish
Succession
Austria gained Spanish possessions and began to
influence Italy
Possible Test Question
Which of the following exerted the most
influence on Italy by the eighteenth
century?
France
England
Spain
The Ottoman Empire
Austria
Russia: From Fledgling
Principality to Major Power
Ivan IV the Terrible (1533 – 1584)
First Tsar
Expanded territory eastward
Extended autocracy of Tsar by crushing Russian nobility (boyars)
Romanov Dynasty (1613 – 1917)
National Assembly chose Michael Romanov as the new Tsar
Stratified Society
Tsar
Landed aristocrats – bind peasants to the land
• Surplus of land, shortage of workers
Peasants and townspeople
• Tied to their land and businesses (highly repressive system of
serfdom)
• Led to peasant revolts
Possible Test Question
Russian society in the seventeenth century
Witnessed the reign of Ivan the Terrible.
Witnessed profound religious reforms in the
Russian Orthodox church.
Was characterized by a highly oppressive
system of serfdom.
Saw the rise of the merchant class to power.
Saw the end of serfdom and the emergence of a
prosperous free peasantry.
The Reign of Peter the Great
(1689 – 1725)
Visits the West (1697 – 1698)
Seeks to modernize Russia
Mostly technical
Reorganizes armed forces
Modernized military – standing army of 210,000
Created a navy
Reorganizes central government
Divides Russia into provinces
Seeks control of the Russian Church
Introduces Western Customs
No spitting on floor or scratching oneself at dinner
Cutting off beards and coats
The Reign of Peter the Great
Positive Impact of Reforms on Women
Upper class women were encouraged to mingle with men
Women could choose who they wanted to marry
“Open a window to the West”
A port easily accessible to Europe
Attacks Sweden
Battle of Narva (1700)
• 8,000 Swedes defeat 40,000 Russians
Great Northern War (1701 – 1721)
Battle of Poltava (1709)
• Russian army defeats Swedish army
Peace of Nystadt (1721)
• Russia gains control of Estonia, Livonia and Karelia
St. Petersburg
“Window to the West” (port in the Baltic Sea)
New Russian capital
Possible Test Question
Peter the Great’s foreign policy had as its
primary goal
Opening of a port easily accessible to Europe.
Destruction of the Ottoman Empire.
Capture of the Scandinavian countries.
Control of Constantinople and the Dardanelles.
Conquest of Siberia.
The Winter Palace – St. Petersburg, Russia
Map 15.5: Russia: From
Principality to Nation-State
The Great Northern States
Denmark
Military losses
• 30 Years War & Northern War with Sweden
Bloodless revolution of 1660 (Denmark’s
Estates)
• Limited power of nobility
• Reestablished hereditary monarchy
The Great Northern States
Sweden
Christina (1633 – 1654)
• More interested in philosophy & religion
• Abdicated the throne so she could become Catholic
Charles XI (1660 – 1697)
• Defused potential peasant revolt against nobility
• Built Swedish monarchy into an absolute monarchy
Charles XII (1697-1718)
• Brilliant general who got Sweden into to many wars
• Lost most of Sweden’s northern empire to Russia
• Sweden became a 2nd rate power after the Great
Northern War
Possible Test Question
Scandinavia in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries witnessed
Denmark expand so as to dominate the Baltic.
Sweden become a second-rate power after the
Great Northern War.
Sweden and Denmark join forces to defeat and
occupy Poland in 1660.
The economic dominance of Sweden over the
rest of northern Europe.
The conquest of Sweden by Norway.
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 – 1566)
Attacks against Europe
Pushed as far west as Vienna
Advances in the Mediterranean
• Controlled most of the Mediterranean Sea until the Spanish
navy defeated them at the battle of Lepanto
Ottomans viewed as a European Power
• Capital city of Constantinople was the most populous
European city
New Offensives in the second half of the 17th century
• Ottoman Empire was viewed as the “sleeping giant” of Eastern
Europe
Map 15.6: The Ottoman Empire
Limits of Absolutism
The Limits of Absolutism
Power of rulers not absolute
Local institutions still had power
Power of the aristocracy
Limited Monarchy and Republics
Poland, the Dutch Republic and England
Poland - ruled by Sejm (two chamber assembly)
Controlled by nobles who elected the king
Poland lacked a strong central government
weakened by warfare & nobles protecting their own
interests
Possible Test Question
The political institution known as the Sejm
made seventeenth-century Poland
An absolutist, monarchical state dominated by
King Sigismund III.
A powerful militaristic machine threatening its
neighbors.
A land without powerful nobles.
An impotent, decentralized state.
A republic.
Golden Age of the Dutch Republic
The United Provinces
Officially recognized by the Peace of Westphalia
Internal Dissension
The House of Orange and the Stadholders
The States General opposes the House of Orange
• Weakened calls for republican government until death of William III
William III (1672 – 1702)
• Established a monarchy but it collapsed upon his death due to the fact
that he didn’t produce a male heir to the throne
Involved in wars
• Undermined Dutch strength in trade
• Experienced a serious economic decline by 1715
Life in 17th century Amsterdam
Financial center of Europe
City built up to accommodate the population growth
Huge profits as an arms provider for foreign wars
Possible Test Question
The “Golden Age” of the Dutch Republic in the
seventeenth century witnessed
William of Orange become king in 1672.
The economic prosperity of the United Provinces
ruined by a series of wars late in the century.
The temporary weakening of the States General.
A and C.
All of the above.
England & Constitutional Monarchy
James I (1603 – 1625) and the House of Stuart
Took over after Elizabeth’s death
Claimed he ruled by Divine Right of Kings
Parliament and the power of the purse
Religious policies
• The Puritans controlled most of the lower House of Commons
Charles I (1625 – 1649)
Petition of Right
• Prevented any taxation without Parliament’s consent
“Personal Rule” (1629 – 1640): Parliament does not meet
• Charles I tries to collect taxes without Parliament
• Forced to call Parliament to raise tax money to fight Scottish rebellion
Religious policy angers Puritans
• Charles I married a Catholic (Louis XIII’s sister Henrietta)
• Charles I calls Parliament and the members make changes to limit
royal authority
• Charles I arrests radical members of Parliament and Parliament rebels
starting the English Civil War
Possible Test Question
The Petition of Right (1628), among other
things,
Stated that the King of England was elected.
Maintained that the King could pass no new tax
without the consent of Parliament.
Restored order in the English military.
Made the English monarchy purely ceremonial.
Made the Anglican Church the “established”
church.
Civil War (1642 – 1648)
Oliver Cromwell
New Model Army – effective against Royalists
Extreme Puritans who believed they were fighting for God
1st phase
Charles I is captured after 1st Phase of Civil War (1646)
Charles I escaped and got the Scotts to help invade England
Charles I is captured, tried, & executed (Jan. 30, 1649)
Parliament abolishes the monarchy
Cromwell dissolves Parliament (April 1653)
Cromwell divides country into 11 regions ruled by military
Cromwell dies (1658)
Army reestablishes the monarchy, Charles II
Restoration & a Glorious Revolution
Charles II (1660 – 1685)
Reestablished Anglican church
Parliament suspected he was Catholic because his brother James
was
Charles II passed Declaration of Indulgence (1672)
Suspended laws passed by Parliament against Catholics and
Puritans
Parliament passed Test Act (1673) – Only Anglicans could
hold military and civil offices
James II (1685 – 1688)
Devout Catholic
Issued new Declaration of Indulgence (1687)
Protestant daughters: Mary and Anne
Catholic son born in 1688
Parliament invites Mary and her husband, William of Orange, to
invade England
James II, wife and son flee to France
Mary and William of Orange offered throne
(1689)
Bill of Rights
Affirmed Parliament’s right to make laws & tax
laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy
The Toleration Act of 1689
Granted Puritans right to free public worship
Ironically the Toleration Act still didn’t tolerate
Catholics
Possible Test Question
The “Glorious Revolution” in 1688 in England
was significant for
Restoring Charles II and the Stuart dynasty to power.
Bloodlessly deposing James II in favor of William of
Orange.
Returning England to a Catholic commonwealth.
Parliament’s establishment of a new monarch through a
series of bloody wars.
The abolishment of the monarchy in favor of a
republican “commonwealth.”
Possible Test Question
The incident that prompted the nobles to
depose James II was:
His marriage to the Duchess of Orange.
The death of his first wife.
The birth of a Catholic son.
A religious alliance with France.
Economic collapse caused by the “South Sea
Bubble.”
Responses to the Revolution
Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679)
Leviathan (1651)
People form a commonwealth for protection
People have no right to rebel
Believed in strong government to maintain social order
John Locke (1632 – 1704)
Two Treatises of Government
Inalienable Rights: Life, Liberty and Property
People form a government to protect their rights
If government does not fulfill their social contract with
the people, the people have the right to revolt
Possible Test Question
Thomas Hobbes
Felt that man was suited best to be in a pristine state of
nature, without government interference.
Stated that mankind was animalistic, and needed a
strong government to maintain social order.
Was a firm believer in democracy.
Said that the best form of government was a theocracy.
Argued in favor of revolution when the ruler broke the
social contract.
Possible Test Question
John Locke was responsible for
Synthesizing previous doctrines on
international law.
The idea of society as being in a constant state
of war.
Advocating political democracy for the entire
populace.
Emphasizing the social contract between the
people and government.
Disestablishing the Church of England.
Flourishing European Culture
The Changing Faces of Art
Mannerism
• Early 16th century
• Broke away from balance and harmony of High
Renaissance
• Art characterized by elongated human forms,
suffering & yearning for a religious experience
El Greco was the most famous Mannerism
artist
• Greek artist who studied in Italy & painted churches
in Spain
Laocoon by El Greco
Possible Test Question
The artistic movement Mannerism reached
its peak with the work of
Fra Angelico.
Bernini.
Peter Paul Rubens.
El Greco.
Rembrandt.
Baroque
Replaced Mannerism, embraced by Catholic reform
movement
Used classical ideals of Renaissance to invoke an
emotional response
Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
• Used violent motion, heavily fleshed nudes, dramatic light and
shadows & intense emotion in his paintings
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598 – 1680)
• Architect & sculptor
• Greatest figure of Baroque art
• Completed Saint Peter’s Basilica
French Classicism and Dutch Realism
• French classicism emphasized clarity, simplicity, balance and
harmony of design and rejected emotionalism of Baroque art
• Dutch Realism: realistic portrayals of secular, everyday life
 Rembrandt van Rijn (1606 – 1699)
Possible Test Question
The Baroque painter who used violent motion,
heavily fleshed nudes, and dramatic use of light
and shadow, and rich sensuous pigments in his
paintings was
Rembrandt van Rijn.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
El Greco.
Artemisia Gentileschi.
Peter Paul Rubens.
Possible Test Question
The greatest figure of Baroque art was
Rembrandt van Rijn.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
El Greco.
Nicholas Poussin.
David Caspar Friedrich.
The Baroque Trevi Fountain in Rome
A Wondrous Age of Theater
Golden Age of Elizabethan Literature (1580 –
1640)
William Shakespeare (1564 – 1614)
• The Globe Theater
• Lord Chamberlain’s Company
Spanish Theater
Lope de Vega (1562 – 1635)
• Wrote 1500 plays – about 1/3 survive
French Theater (1630s to 1680s)
Jean Baptiste Molière (1622 – 1673)
• The Misanthrope
• Tartuffe