Download TAKS Review - SchoolNotes

TAKS Review
Cell Structure, Function
And Energy
Breaks down old cell parts
Transport system
makes proteins
packages proteins
provides energy : site of cellular respiration,
conversion of food energy into usable energy (ATP)
Controls what enters and leaves
Cell Part
Function
Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Controls what enters and leaves the
nucleus
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Control center of the cell
Genetic information in the nucleus
Transport system in cell
Ribosome
Golgi Body
Vacuole
Lysosome
Organelle makes proteins
Organelle packages proteins
Stores water and/or waste
Breaks down old cell parts
Mitochondria
Organelle for cellular respiration –
provides energy
Practice Question
Which of these is a characteristic of body
cells that require large amounts of
energy?
A They have a large number of
mitochondria.
B They have a supplementary Y
chromosome.
C They have a two-layer membrane.A
D They have a storage area for albumin
Cellular Energy
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Converts sunlight energy
into high energy sugars
Converts high energy
sugars into usable energy
(in the form of ATP)
Takes place in the
chloroplast
Takes place in the
cytoplasm and
mitochondria
Occurs mainly in plants
and some bacteria
Occurs in all organisms
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy  6O2 + C6H12O6
carbon dioxide +
water +
sunlight
 oxygen + glucose
Cellular Respiration
6O2
oxygen
+ C6H12O6  6CO2
+
glucose
+ 6H2O + Energy
 carbon dioxide +
water
+
ATP
High Energy Sugars
Glycolysis
Cellular Respiration
LOTS of energy
released
Fermentation
A little energy released
Practice Question
Energy conversion within an animal cell
would be severely limited by removal of the
cell’s —
A mitochondria
B chloroplasts
C plastids
D lysosomes
A
Practice Question
Which molecule provides most of the
energy used to drive chemical reactions in
cells?
F DNA
G RNA
H ATP
J ADP
H
Transport across the membrane
Purpose: to move nutrients and
wastes in and out of the cell and
maintain…Homeostasis
The lipid bilayer is selectively permeable; only small,
nonpolar molecules can pass. Other molecules need carrier
or channel proteins.
•Concentration is a measurement of the
amount of solute (in grams) compared to the
volume of the solution (in liters)
•Grams per liter or g/L
•Concentrations change as particles and/or
water move into or out of the cell
Movement can be passive or active.
PASSIVE
ACTIVE
NO energy required
Needs energy
Simple diffusion
Facilitated
diffusion
Osmosis
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis
Diffusion vs. Osmosis
• Diffusion is the movement of PARTICLES
from areas of high concentration to areas of
low concentration
• Osmosis is the movement of WATER from
areas of low solute concentration to areas of
high solute concentration; water moves
because the particles can’t
Salt is a solute. When it is concentrated inside or outside
the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is why
you get thirsty after eating something salty.
Simple Rule to
remember: SALT
SUCKS
What is Active Transport?
Energy is used to move selected molecules into a cell,
even if they are at a low concentration.
Practice Question
Saltwater fish remove extra salt from their body
by active transport through the gills. What is
the result of this activity?
B
A The salt becomes more chemically active.
B Water balance is maintained in the blood.
C The rate of energy production is decreased.
D The cell membrane becomes less permeable
to water.
Practice Question
When a sea urchin egg is removed from the
ocean and placed in freshwater, the egg
swells and bursts. Which of these causes
water to enter the egg?
A Coagulation
B Sodium pump
C Active transport
D Osmosis
D
Practice Question
On a hot summer day, a road-crew worker
perspires and then feels thirsty as her
body temperature increases. This
response is an example ofA. releasing enzymes
B. decreasing respiration
C. assimilating proteins
D. maintaining homeostasis
D
Practice Question
Which of these is a function of the cell
membrane in all cells?
A Producing cellular nutrients
B Preserving cellular wastes
C Neutralizing chemicals
D
D Maintaining homeostasis