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Keystone Anchors
•
BIO.A.1.2.1 Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells.
•
BIO.A.1.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and
function at various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells,
tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular organisms)
•
BIO.A.4.1.1 Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it
to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell.
•
BIO.A.4.1.2 Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the
plasma membrane (i.e., passive transport—diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
diffusion; and active transport—pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis).
•
BIO.A.4.1.3 Describe how membrane‐bound cellular organelles (e.g.,
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials
within a cell.
Vocabulary
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Active transport
Diffusion
Endocytosis
Eukaryotic
Exocytosis
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
 Isotonic
 Organ
 Organ
system
 Osmosis
 Passive
transport
 Prokaryotic
 Tissue
Vocabulary –Cell parts
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Cell membrane
Cell wall
Centrioles
Chloroplasts
Chromosomes
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic
reticulum
 Golgi
body
 Lysosomes
 Mitochondria
 Nucleus
 Nucleolus
 Ribosomes
 Vacuoles
 Vesicle
Why So Small?
Describe why you think cells are so small?
Process Box
Cells are small!
• Most cells are about 1/500 the size of a
period.
• Almost all cells are too small to see without
the aid of a microscope.
• However the invention of the compound
microscopes didn’t come until the late 1500’s
• Compound microscopes contain 2 or more
lenses
• Total magnification is the product of the
magnifying power of each individual lens
Discovery of Cells
• In 1665 Robert Hooke used a 3-lens
compound microscope to examine thin
slices of cork.
• He observed that cork is made of tiny,
hollow compartments.
• He gave them the name “cells”
• Hooke was only looking at cell walls &
empty space.
Discovery of Cells, cont.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek was studying
new lens-making methods to examine
cloth.
• This resulted in powerful single-lens
microscopes
• In 1674 he observed living single-celled
organisms swimming in pond water
• Named these cells: “animalcules”
Discovery of Cells, cont.
• Microscopes and lens-design continued to
advance, which led to greater
magnification
• This led more people to make more
observations on more organisms.
• They saw a wide variety of cells, shapes,
& cells dividing
• Led to the questions: “Is all living matter
made of cells?”, & “Where do cells come
from?”
Cell Theory
• In 1838 Matthias Schleiden proposed that
plants are made of cells.
• Theodor Schwann was studying animal cells
• Schwann was struck by similarities between
plant & animal cells, concluded all animals
are made of cells.
• In 1839 he proposed the 1st part of cell
theory: All living things are made of cells &
cell products
Cell Theory, cont.
• Schwann stated that cells form
spontaneously by free-cell formation.
• This led scientists to study the process of
cell division
• They concluded part of Schwann’s theory
was wrong
• In 1855 Rudolf Virchow, reported all cells
come from preexisting cells
2014 Nobel Prize
HOOKE
_____________
CORK
The first to
IDENTIFY
____________
cells. Responsible
NAMING
for ____________
them
LEEUWENHOEK _____________
SCHLEIDEN
SCHWANN
VIRCHOW
_____________
_____________
_____________
ANIMALCULES
Made better
LENSES
______________
and observed cells
in greater
DETAIL
______________.
First to observe
NUCLEUS
______________
•
Cell Theory
The first to note Concluded that all
LIVING
___________
that
THINGS
___________
_____________
PLANTS
were made up of were made up of
CELLS
___________
CELLS
___________
Proposed that all
cells come from
OTHER
____________
__________
CELLS
Ted -ed
ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS
1. ___________________________________________________________
THE CELL IS THE MOST BASIC UNIT OF LIFE.
2. ___________________________________________________________
ALL EXISTING CELLS ARE PRODUCED BY OTHER LIVING CELLS
3. ___________________________________________________________
Categories of Cells
Eukaryotes
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NUCLEUS
Have a ______________
ORGANELLES
Contain membrane-bound _____________
DNA
The nucleus encloses the ___________
SINGLE-CELLULAR
MULTI-CELLULAR or ______________
May be ___________
Video
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Prokaryotes
NUCLEUS
Prokaryotic cells do not have a __________
No membrane-bound _______________
ORGANELLES
DNA
___________is
suspended within cytoplasm
Are microscopic,SINGLE-CELLED
____________organisms
PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC?
EUKARYOTIC
PROKARYOTIC
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
-Plants
-Animals
-Protists
-Single/multi celled
-bacteria
-always single celled
TYPE II
• What are the differences between
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells? How can
you remember the difference?
SECTION 3.1 REVIEW
1.
How did improvements in the microscope help scientists form cell
theory?
The microscope enabled the scientists to first ‘SEE’ the cells so they could
be studied further.
2. How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ?
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or organelles.
Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and organelles.
3. Today, scientists can study human cells growing in petri dishes.
Explain how this technique builds on the work of early scientists.
The fact that scientists can grow cells in petri dishes is because they
recognize that cells come from other cells.
4.
In what ways are cells similar to atoms?
Both have a nucleus.
Make Predictions
Think about your body. List the functions that your body must be able to
perform in order for you to survive.
Process Box
Cell Comparison
Study the cells on the board, what characteristics
sets the two types of cells apart?
• Process Box:
http://www.johnkyrk.com/CellIndex.html
Video
_________________________________________________
The outer most side of an animal cell, that gives the cell shape
_________________________________________________
and holds in cytoplasm.
_________________________________________________
(Also contains pores to allow some particles to move in and
_________________________________________________
out of the cell.)
CELL
_______________
MEMBRANE
_______________
The
clear, jellylike material between the cell membrane
____________________________________________
and the nucleus that makes up most of the cell
____________________________________________
(Most of all cell activity occurs here.)
____________________________________________
_______________
CYTOPLASM
The control center of the cell.
___________________________________________________
Parts of the Nucleus:
_________________________________________________
Nuclear Membrane: The membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
__________________________________
Nuclear Pores: allow
some particles to move in and out of the nucleus
__________________________________
Nucleolus
__________________________________
Chromosomes
__________________________________
NUCLEUS
_______________
The membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
________________________________________
Nuclear Membrane in Green
NUCLEAR
_______________
MEMBRANE
_______________
NUCLEAR
_______________
PORES
_______________
__________________________________________
Thread-like cell parts with information that
__________________________________________
determines what traits a living thing will have.
Chromosomes in Red
CHROMOSOMES
_______________
HELPS MAKE RIBOSOMES.
________________________________________
NUCLEOLUS
_______________
MAKES PROTEINS FOR THE BODY.
_____________________________________
FOUND ON ENDOPLASMICE RETICULUM AND
____________________________________________________
THROUGHOUT CYTOPLASM
_________________________________________
RIBOSOMES
_______________
___________________________________________________
Moves cell materials from cell membrane to nuclear
_____________________________________
membrane and visa versa.
____________________________________________
(Can usually find ribosomes on this network.)
ENDOPLASMIC
_______________
RETICULUM
_______________
INTERPRETING DIAGRAMS
How can you tell the difference between the locations of the
cell membrane compared to the nuclear membrane?
How can you tell the difference between the locations of the
nucleus compared to the nucleolus?
• Process Box:
Responsible for supplying ENERGY to the cell.
_________________________________________________________________________
MITOCHONDRIA
____________
Helps
digest, (break down), waste materials of cell.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
LYSOSOMES
____________
Packages materials for the cell.
_______________________________________
Animation
______________
GOLGI
______________
APPARATUS
Parts of an ANIMAL cell that help with cell REPRODUCTION
____________________________________________
Stores food and water for cell
_______________________________________
ANIMAL CELL
Contains many small vacuoles
____________________________
PLANT CELL
_____________________________
Contains one large “central
_____________________________
vacuole that takes up most of
_____________________________
the space inside of a plant cell
VACUOLE
________
Label the organelles of this animal cell.
1. NUCLEOLUS
_________________
2. NUCLEUS
_________________
3. RIBOSOMES
_________________
4. VESICLE
_________________
5. ROUGH
_________________
ER
6. GOLGI
_________________
BODIES
7. CELL
_________________
MEMBRANE
8. SMOOTH
_________________
ER
9. MITOCHONDRIA
_________________
10. VACUOLE
_________________
11. CYTOPLASM
_________________
12. LYSOSOME
_________________
13. CENTRIOLES
_________________
The outer most side of an plant cell, (surrounds the cell
_______________________________________________________
membrane), that gives the cell structure, and a specific shape.
_______________________________________________________
(More rigid than cell membrane.)
_______________________________________________________
______
CELL
______
WALL
Inner life of
cell
The
____________________________________________
plant cell parts that contain the green pigment,
____________________________________________
chlorophyll, which are responsible for
____________________________________________
producing food.
______________________
CHLOROPLASTS
Plant Cells
There are four distinct differences between plant cells and animal cells.
List each difference and describe how its role and/or how it differs from
animal cells.
• Process Box:
1. ____________________
10. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
9. ____________________
4. ____________________
8. ____________________
5. ____________________
7. ____________________
6. ____________________
2. ____________
3. ____________
1. ____________
8. ____________
4. ____________
7. ____________
6. ____________
5. ____________
1._____________
2._____________
3._____________
12.__________
4._____________
5._________
6._________
7.________
9._____________
8._____________
12._______
10.___________
11.___________
3._________
1.____________
2.____________
4._________
6._________
5._________
7._________
8._________
9._________
10.___________
12.___________
11.___________
2._________________
1._____________
3.__________
4.______________
5.______________
6.________________
7._________________
1._____________
2.____________
3.____________
4.____________
10.____________
5._____________
6._____________
9.____________
7.____________
8.____________
2._______________ 3._______________
4.______________
1._______________
5._______________
6._______________
7._______________
8._______________
2.__________________
1.__________________
12.__________________
3._______________
4.______________
11.__________________
10.__________________
5._______________
9.__________________
8.__________________
7.__________________
6.__________________
11._____________________
10.___________
9._____________________
1.
_________
8.
______________________
7.
______________________
6.
______________________
5.
______________________
3.
_______________
2.
____________
4.
______________________
1.
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2.
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12.
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11.
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10.
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9.
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3.
_____________
8.
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7.
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6.
________________
4.
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5.
_____________
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ___________
11. __________
4. __________
5. ___________
6. ___________
7. ___________
10. ____________
8. _________
9. ____________________
CELL MEMBRANE
• Process Box:
Video
Study the diagram of the cell membrane.
What parts of the labeled diagram do you notice?
What macromolecules make up the cell membrane?
Cell Membrane Facts
Fluid mosaic model
Plasma membrane
1. Known as the ________________,
the ________________,
cytoplasmic
or the ____________________membrane
interior
2. Separates the _____________of
all cells from the
external
______________
environment.
permeable
3. It is selectively __________________to
ions and organic
molecules
Movement of particles
4. Controls the _______________________in
and out of cells.
cell
5. Protects the ____________.
proteins
Phospholipid bilayer
6. Made up of ________________with
embedded __________.
1. Phospholipid bilayer2. Proteins-
7. Involved in a variety of cellular processes
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
a. __________________
and __________________
Cell Signaling
b. __________________
Transport of materials
c. __________________
LIPID BILAYER
Hydrophilic Region:
Hydro: ____________
WATER
ATTRACTION
Philic: ____________
POLAR
______________region
of
the membrane that have a
tendency to interact with or
be dissolved by water and
other polar substances.
Hydrophobic Region:
WATER
Hydro: ____________
REPEL
Phobic: ____________
NON-POLAR
______________
region of
the plasma membrane that
are more ‘selective’ as to
what passes through the
membrane.
What Makes Up the Cell Membrane?
Label these parts:
Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates
A
B
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
A. __________________
CARBOHYDRATES
B. __________________
PROTEINS
C. __________________
HYDROPHILIC HEAD
X. ___________________
HYDROPHOBIC TAIL
Y. ___________________
C
A. ____________________
B. ____________________
C. ____________________
D. ____________________
E. ____________________
F. ____________________
G. ____________________
H. ____________________
I. ____________________
Label the cell membrane with the terms below.
Color the parts according to their functions.
Lipid Bilayer
Hydrophobic Tail
Hydrophilic Head
Transport Protein
Carbohydrate
Cholesterol
Recognition Protein
Red: Aids in cell recognition (Flags)
Blue: Attracted to water molecules, allows it to move through
Green: Acts as a receptor for certain molecules
Yellow: Keeps the cell membrane ‘firm’ or sturdy
Orange: Avoids water
Purple: Transport materials across cell membrane
Text Rendering
Read the article, highlight things that stand out, list
notes on the right side
All living cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, have
a plasma membrane that encloses their
contents and serves as a semi-porous barrier to
the outside environment. The membrane acts
as a boundary, holding the cell constituents
together and keeping other substances from
entering. The plasma membrane is permeable
to specific molecules, however, and allows
nutrients and other essential elements to enter
the cell and waste materials to leave the cell.
Small molecules, such as oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and water, are able to pass freely
across the membrane, but the passage of
larger molecules, such as amino acids and
sugars, is carefully regulated.
3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis
KEY CONCEPT Materials move across membranes
because of concentration differences.
3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis
Passive transport - does not require energy input from
a cell.
• Molecules can move across the cell membrane
through passive transport.
• There are two types of
passive transport.
• diffusion
• osmosis
3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis
• Osmosis - is the diffusion of water molecules across a
semipermeable membrane.
• Diffusion – movement of a substance from where there is a
large amount to where there is a small amount
3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis
• There are three types of solutions.
•
isotonic – concentrations are equal
hypertonic – solution has more solutes than a cell, cell
shrivels and dies
• Hypotonic – solution has fewer solutes than a cell,
cell expands and may burst
•
hypertonic
hypotonic
3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis
Some molecules can only diffuse through transport
proteins.
• Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell
membrane.
• Facilitated diffusion diffusion through transport
proteins.
3.5
Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis
Active transport - Cells use energy to transport
materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane.
Label the diagrams as ‘diffusion’, ‘facilitated diffusion’, and ‘active transport’.
DIFFUSION
_______________________________
FACILITATED
DIFFUSION
_______________________________
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
_______________________________
PASSIVE
ACTIVE
3.5
Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis
A cell can import and export large materials or large
amounts of material in vesicles during the
processes of endocytosis and exocytosis.
• Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles.
• Exocytosis - the process of
expelling material from inside
the cell to outside the cell.
• Endocytosis - the process of
taking material into the cell
• Phagocytosis - a type of
endocytosis
ENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?
ENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?
ENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?
ENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?
• Organelle – cell structure that has a unique
function
• Cell – basic unit of structure and function
• Tissues - groups of cells that perform a similar
function.
• Organs - groups of tissues that perform a specific
or related function.
• Organ systems - groups of organs that carry out
similar functions.
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
• Organelle
• Organ system
• Organ
• Tissue
• Cell
• Osmosis
• Diffusion
• Exocytosis
• Endocytosis
• Active Transport
• Passive Transport