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Chapter 3 Scales and Melody Key Terms • • • • • Pitch Scale Interval Octave Diatonic scale • • • • • Chromatic scale Flat Sharp Half step Whole step Aspects of Pitch • • • • Definite or indefinite High or low Scale: a pool of definite pitches Interval: the distance between any two notes Octave • “Eight span” • Higher note seems to duplicate lower note • Smooth blend of sound comes from overtone series Step • Usually the distance between adjacent notes of a scale • Suggests a ladder of discrete pitches • Scale steps: specific notes of a scale (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti, do) Half Step (Semitone) • The smallest interval • The distance between two adjacent notes of the chromatic scale • The distance between two adjacent notes on the keyboard Whole Step • The most common interval in diatonic scales • Equals two consecutive half steps Scales • Fixed collections of pitches used to construct music • Diatonic scales • Chromatic scales • Other scales (modern and world music) Diatonic Scales • Contain five whole steps and two half steps • Contain seven pitches • The eighth note of the scale (octave) repeats the starting pitch • Examples: major scales, minor scales, church modes Diatonic Scale Chromatic Scale • Contains 12 pitches • Consists entirely of half steps • Requires sharps or flats Chromatic Scale Sharps and Flats • Flat lowers a note by a half step • Sharp raises a note by a half step Diatonic vs. Chromatic Listening • Chromatic scale • Diatonic scale • Non-Western scales Key Terms • • • • • Melody Tune Motive Theme Phrase • • • • • Parallelism Contrast Sequence Climax Cadence Melody • The primary bearer of musical meaning • Most likely to move the listener • An organized series of pitches • Combines pitch and rhythm Tune • • • • A special kind of melody Simple, easy to sing Often catchy Folk songs, dances, pop songs, patriotic songs, Christmas carols Characteristics of Tunes • • • • Division into phrases Balance between phrases Parallelism and contrast Climax and cadence Division into Phrases • Often correspond to poetic lines • Often two, four, or eight measures long • Tend to be natural breathing points Balance between Phrases • Creates an overall sense of proportion • Many phrases of the same length • Longer and shorter phrases • Parallel and contrasting phrases Parallelism • • • • Exact repetition of a phrase Partial repetition of a phrase Repetition of rhythm Repetition of a pattern at higher or lower pitch (sequence) Contrast • • • • Provides variety and interest Higher or lower phrases Shorter or longer phrases Different rhythms or melodic shapes Form of Tunes • • • • Clear beginning Building up in the middle Distinct high point (climax) Winding down to the end Cadence • Weak cadences – Points of relaxation to breathe or pause – Create need to go on – End phrases • Strong cadences – Full stops – Create sense of finality – End sections or pieces Motive • Distinctive fragment of a melody or distinctive rhythm • Used to construct tunes, melodies, themes • Can be repeated, transposed, reversed, inverted, or fragmented Theme • The basic subject matter for a piece of music • Usually a melody • Can be a phrase, motive, tune, tone color Listening Exercises • • • • • • Phrases and cadences Repetition and contrast Motives and sequence Balance, form, and climax Tune, motive, and theme Melodic character and emotional quality
