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The Map Key or Legend is a usually a small box telling what the symbols on a map mean Some Map Keys are very simple, while others contain a lot of complex information. Map Key I used the Map Key to find out where all the airports where. A segmented line on a map that helps convert the distances between locations on the map to actual miles or km on the earth. Most US maps have the distance scale in miles. Distance Scale I prefer a distance scale that is easy to find and use. A line or graph that depicts dates and the sequence of events. Timelines with pictures are easier to use than just plain lines with a chronology of events. Chronology – Time Line Some people find it hard to figure how many years before or after an event using a time line. The circumstances when an event occurs relating to the past If you don’t know the historical context of an event, you might come to the wrong conclusion. Historical Context To judge Christopher Columbus outside of the historical context in which he lived is very unfair. Imaginary line, circling the earth in an east-west direction, located at 0 degrees Latitude, dividing the earth into North and South hemispheres The equator is considered a warm area; but in high elevations (mountains) it is actually cool there also. Equator Crossing the equator in a ship, some people hold a celebration and bob for apples. Imaginary line, from the North Pole to the South Pole, passing through Greenwich, England, located at zero degrees Longitude. The Prime Meridian divides the earth into the Eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere. Prime Meridian The people in Greenwich, England can walk across the Prime Meridian and cross from one hemisphere into another. Information attained from the person who was present at the event. A diary, or a newspaper article from an eyewitness is a primary source. Primary Source In court, you have a better chance of proving your point if the evidence is from a primary source. To tame animals in order to make them useful for humans. Plants can be domesticated too, by learning how to cultivate and grow them from seeds. Domesticate When man learned to domesticate plants and animals, he could settle down in one place. Mountains were natural boundaries that most isolated China from the rest of the civilizations. Boundaries formed by nature, like mountains, deserts, etc. that make it difficult to cross over. Natural Barrier The Arabian Desert was a natural barrier that protected Sumer from attacks from the south. A division of the earth, usually 15 degrees longitude in width that keeps the same time and is one hour apart from zones on either side. The earth has 24 time zones— because there are 24 hours in a day. Time Zones Louisiana is in the Central Time Zone of the United States. The time before 8,000 B.C. (E) All humans were hunters and gatherers. The other name for Old Stone Age is the Paleolithic Period. Old Stone Age The Neanderthal people lived during the Old Stone Age. The time from 8,000 BC(E) to the present day. During this period, people began to domesticate plants and animals which led to development of agriculture. New Stone Age The New Stone Age is called the NEOLITHIC Period. Lines that circle the earth east to west and are parallel to each other measuring degrees north and south of the equator. There are only 90 degrees of latitude—90 degrees north is the north pole. Latitude The city of New Orleans is found on the 30 degree North Latitude line. Lines that run north to south, pole to pole and measure degrees east or west of the prime meridian. Longitude lines do not completely circle the earth like latitude lines do. Longitude New Orleans is on the 90 degree West Longitude line. The river system in north Africa where the Egyptian civilization developed. The Nile River is the longest river in the world. Nile River Valley The Land of Egypt was called the “Gift of the Nile”. The River valley in current Pakistan where the Harappan Civilization developed. The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro were in the Indus River valley. Indus River Valley The Indus River was settled by the Aryans who brought Hinduism into the area. A seasonal wind that blows from land to sea (dry) one season, then sea to land (wet) the next. Some people don’t realize that a monsoon is not a lot of rain; but a wind that can bring rain—or a drought. Monsoon The summer monsoons often bring a lot of flooding to India and Bangladesh. The study of how the pieces (plates) of the earth’s crust are moving very slowly. In some areas one plate is being pushed under another plate—this is called subduction. Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics suggest that all of the continents were once joined together. The Area of land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The early civilization of Sumer began in lower Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia Mesopotamia means the land between the rivers. A rounded stretch of land with fertile soil for farming running from the Nile River in Egypt, along the eastern Mediterranean and including Mesopotamia. The Fertile Crescent gave rise to many civilizations. Fertile Crescent Babylonia, Assyria, Egypt, Phoenicia, Israel, and Sumer were all in the Fertile Crescent. Bar graphs use thick bars to show a visual way to compare data/information. Bar graphs can be horizontal or vertical. Bar Graph A bar graph is a good way to see what month gets the most rainfall. Pictographs show information using symbols or little pictures to represent the data. Pictographs are often used in children’s books because they’re easy to understand. Pictograph This pictograph shows that most 3rd graders like to play soccer. A large structure that ancient Sumerians used as temples for worship of their gods. Some historians believe the ziggurats were used as a safe haven during flooding. Ziggurat The great ziggurat of Ur stood taller than a 10 story building. The pyramids of Egypt were gigantic tombs that had a square base, and four triangular sides. At over 480 feet tall, the Great Pyramid at Giza was the tallest man made feature in the world for more than 3,800 years! Egyptian Pyramid The Egyptians built the famous pyramids to bury their pharaohs in. An Egyptian writing system in which pictures or symbols stand for sounds, whole words, or ideas. Hieroglyphics Sometimes bad handwriting can be like trying to read hieroglyphics. The Rosetta Stone ended the mystery of hieroglyphics by helping us translate them. The Scribes of Babylon kept their records on tablets of cuneiform. A system of writing developed in ancient Sumer and Babylon that used wedge-shaped symbols. Cuneiform Cuneiform looks like golftees pressed into the clay. Sanskrit was originally intended as a ritual (religious) language for early Hinduism. The language brought into the Indus valley by the Aryans. Today it is still a language of India. Sanskrit Sanskrit was spoken not written until later when the Vedas was put to writing. संस्कृता वाक् People who lived near modern day Lebanon were great sailors they created and spread most of our modern alphabet Phoenicians Some people think the Phoenicians sailed across the Atlantic. The Phoenicians developed a major power in the Mediterranean at the city of Carthage. An imaginary line of latitude at 23.5 degrees North of the equator –circling the earth—it is the northern boundary of the “tropics” The sun rays strike the Tropic of Cancer directly overhead on the first day of summer—around June 21. Tropic of Cancer The Tropic of Cancer is as far north as the direct sun rays go—due to the axial tilt of the Earth. The sun’s rays are directly overhead on the Tropic of Capricorn on the first day of Winter, about December 21. An imaginary line of latitude 23.5 degrees SOUTH of the Equator, circling the Earth it is the southern border of the “tropics”. Tropic of Capricorn The “tropics” include all the area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. Pie Graphs are among the easiest to use and are a regular feature in the USA Today newspaper. A graph shaped like a circle or disc, cut into wedge sections each representing data/information that can be reviewed. Pie Graph Pie graphs are great to compare group sizes or other data comparisons. A map mainly designed to show national boundaries, cities, and the larger bodies of water—but no other special purpose. Political Map A political map is best to use if you only want to find out where a city, state or country is located. Most political maps feature all of the countries or states shaded in a different color. A map mainly designed to show national boundaries, cities, and the larger bodies of water—but no other special purpose. Physical Maps A political map is best to use if you only want to find out where a city, state or country is located. Most political maps feature all of the countries or states shaded in a different color. Sumer, in Mesopotamia, was the earliest human civilization. A society that has achieved a high level of culture including the development of language government, religion, and the growth of cities. Civilization Early civilizations all developed along rivers. A river system in north China that flows east to west from the Plateau of Tibet. The Chinese Han civilization developed in this area. The Huang He is also known as the Yellow River Huang He River Valley The Huang He has been both a blessing and a curse with flooding to the Chinese. The City-States of Sumer were the first—but the Greek City States became very powerful. A City and its surrounding farmlands with its own leaders and government. City-State The City State of Ur was a Sumerian location where Abraham was from. The belief that there is only ONE God – one deity and no others. Monotheism Monotheism is the most widely held belief in our country. Jews, Christians and Moslems all believe in monotheism. Hinduism and many of the oldest religions accept polytheism. A belief that there are MANY gods and or goddesses. Polytheism There aren’t many people in America who accept polytheism. Hinduism is perhaps the oldest still operating religion in the world. A religion native to India featuring a belief in many gods and in reincarnation. Hinduism Hinduism believes that cows are sacred because they are so giving and important to them. Judaism is the world’s oldest monotheistic religion. The religion of the Jewish People, founded by the ancient Hebrews. Judaism People who practice Judaism consider Saturday their Sabbath, or holy day. Christianity became the common religion of the Roman Empire and thus most of Europe. The religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christianity The beliefs of Christianity accept the Jewish Old Testament, and their New Testament. Buddha means “The enlightened one” An Asian religion based on the teachings of Buddha-- Buddhism The first “Buddha” was a former Hindu monk and prince named Siddhartha Gautama. The two largest sects (groups) of Islam are he Shiite and Sunnites. The religion of the Muslims, based on the teachings of Mohammed, in one God, or Allah. Islam Islam spread from the Middle East across Northern Africa and into western Asia. Taoism is a variant of Daoism and based on teachings of Laozi. The major religion of China, Southeast Asia and Japan Taoism Taoism doesn’t focus on any theistic beliefs, but on a philosophy. The North Pole is where the Earth’s axis is around which the earth rotates. Located at 90 degrees North Latitude, where all lines of longitude meet in the northern hemisphere. North Pole The North Pole is actually on a frozen ocean and not land. The other end of where the earth’s axis comes out is at the South Pole. Located at 90 degrees SOUTH latitude where all the longitude lines MEET in the southern hemisphere. South Pole The South Pole is on the continent of Antarctica. Some map keys use a jet to represent an airport on a map. Lines or pictures that represent information you see on a map. Map Symbols If you want to find a hospital on a road map, look for a big blue H symbol. On most maps North is up, East is right, West is left and South is down. The four major directions of North, South, East, and West. Cardinal Directions At the north pole the only cardinal direction you can move in—is South! A direction indicator on the map showing cardinal and often intermediate directions. Compass Rose Some compass roses are so fancy they’re hard to use. The compass rose can help you tell exactly what direction you are travelling in on a road map. All of the “in between” directions that are between the cardinal directions. Some map users can use as many as twenty intermediate directions. Intermediate Directions Northeast, north-northeast, east-northeast, and just north of due east are all intermediate directions. There are four used hemispheres on Earth- one split at the equator, the other split at the prime meridian. Half of a sphere– or half of the earth. Hemisphere The hemispheres are Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western. West of the IDL is one calendar day ahead of east of the IDL. The imaginary line at 180 longitude (opposite the prime meridian) that separates the days. International Date Line It might be fun to travel east of the IDL to west and be back in the day before! These use lines, colors and symbols to show specific information on a regular map. Examples of general purpose maps include, roadmaps, demographics, and location of minerals. General Purpose Map I used a roadmap to get from New Orleans to Shreveport. A line graph is a good way to see if your grades are moving up or down. A graph using lines moving up, down and at angles to show information. Line Graph Sometimes line graphs have more than one line so you can compare data. Another term used for some venn diagrams is a concept map. Venn Diagrams are graphic organizers used to help show how information is related Venn Diagram A venn diagram is good to tell where data overlap and where they are different. Fishbone mapping is a good way to illustrate a plan to solve a problem. A graphic organizer that shows a list of categories and causes that lead to a problem or solution. Fishbone Mapping Fishbone mapping looks like a skeleton of a fish. Tables can be easy; but some can be very complicated. Graphic organizer that shows a chart or table providing information for the reader. Tables I use the nutrition table before I buy foods because I’m watching fat content. Webbing is a graphic organizer that connects a lot of information for purposes of giving a bigger picture. Webbing is also a form of concept mapping to share information. Webbing – concept mapping A webbing diagram can help you see how all sorts of data tie into each other. Some storyboards look a lot like what we also call a flowchart. A storyboard is a graphic organizer that shows connections between events and the sequence they happen in. Storyboard This storyboard show the steps involved in making a good social studies project. The inquiry method is always using questions that the researcher tries to find answers for. A research method used to conduct a close examination of a matter in search for the truth. Method of Inquiry Inquiry is the only acceptable method for making science and social studies. All forms of water that falls from the atmosphere onto the earth’s surface. Precipitation Almost all precipitation in New Orleans comes in the form of rain. Kinds of precipitation include rain, sleet, snow, and hail Convection means it is transported by a current—in this case, air. When the rain/precipitation is the result of warm air rises, cools and the vapor condenses and falls as rain. Convectional Precipitation Summer brings a lot of convectional showers to us. When air is pushed up a mountainside, cools and rains or snows on one side with dry air passing over—it’s orographic Orographic Precipitation The rain shadow is on the “lee” of mountains and gets very little precipitation. If you live on the windward side of a mountain you might get a lot of orographic precipitation. We get a lot of frontal precipitation in the winter Precipitation that comes as a result of the passage of a cold or warm front, is frontal precip. Frontal Precipitation The only time New Orleans gets snow is when it’s frontal-cold front. The U.S. shares a border with only two other countries, Canada and Mexico. A border is an imaginary line marking where the limit or extent of a social group, state, country or physical feature. Borders Most of Louisiana’s border with Texas is the Sabine River. New Orleans is a strategic location because it guards the pathway to the entire Mississippi river system. A place whose importance relies on its location compared to other places. Strategic Location The Spartans picked a strategic location to fight the Persian army. The topography of Greece is very mountainous. The shape of the earth’s surface to include all landforms and bodies of water. Topography Because of our topography, New Orleans is subject to flooding. Coal, oil, gold, silver and forests even fur bearing animals are all examples of natural resources. Materials that humans can take from the natural environment to satisfy their needs and wants. Natural Resources Louisiana is a state rich in natural resources. The highest altitude found in Louisiana is only a little over 500 feet above sea level. Altitude is the height of a place above sea level. Altitude The altitude in Denver makes some new arriving people dizzy. Climate is the kind of weather a place has over a period of years. Climate/Zones Continental climate zones have cold winters and hot summers. There are SIX climate zones: tropical, dry, moderate, continental, polar and highlands. Soil that is capable of being farmed or cultivated is called arable land; NON-arable land doesn’t have nutrients to support crops. There are four major types of vegetation regions: forests, grasslands, deserts and tun Soil- Vegetation The only vegetation in the tundra is small scrubby growth because it is so cold. Countries without coastlines are called, “landlocked” countries. Land that is along an ocean, or a large body of water that flows into an ocean. Coastlines Alaska has more coastline miles than any other state-thousands of miles of it. Son of Philip of Macedonia who at 20 became king. He established the world’s largest empire up to that time, from Greece to India. Alexander the Great The city of Alexandria in Egypt is named for Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great named a city after his beloved horse, Bucephalus. Some Roman aqueducts are still in use to this day. A system of arched bridges and canals first used by the Romans to transport water from place to place. Aqueduct Roman aqueducts are a good example of what great engineers the Romans were. Once mankind developed farming, other people were able to specialize, into other fields of work. To be trained to do a particular kind of work. Specialize Specialization led to different jobs like weaving, pottery making, carpentry and baking. There were what we call the five “Good Emperors” during the period of time called Pax Romana. Means “Roman Peace” Augustus was a strong leader and from his reign, for over 200 years, the Empire was united and at peace. Pax Romana The Pax Romana lasted from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D. The Assassination of Julius Caesar became the plot of a play by William Shakespeare. Roman General who became dictator of Rome until he was assassinated by nobles outside the Senate in 44, BC. Julius Caesar The expression “Beware the ides of March” refers to March 15, the day Julius Caesar was killed. In some Eastern sects of Christianity Constantine is called the “Great” and considered a saint. Roman General and emperor issued the Edict of Milan, making Christianity a legal religion of the Roman Empire. Constantine Constantinople (now Istanbul) was named for the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity. The Parthenon was a temple to the Godess Athena for whom Athens was named. A hilltop fortress in ancient Greece/Athens, included the Parthenon and other buildings where citizens met and discussed things. Acropolis All Acropolis were on hills to command a view of all the surrounding area. The Mayan Civilization was in the Yucatan and down through Central America. Of or related to the Mayas, their culture, their language, or relics. Mayan The Mayas conducted rather bloodthirsty human sacrifices. Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Aztec empire where today’s Mexico City is located. A people of central Mexico whose civilization was at its height at the time of the Spanish conquest – early 16th century. Aztec The Aztecs were actually from a people called the Mexicas, who gave us “chocolate”. The Incas were conquered by the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro. One of the Quechua people of highland Peru whose empire stretched from Ecuador down to Chile—through the Andes. Inca Quito and Cuzco, Inca cities are the oldest in South America. King of the Franks, Emperor of the Romans. He strengthened Christianity, resulting in the start of the Holy Roman Empire. Charlemagne Charlemagne is considered the Father of Western Europe. Charlemagne (Charles the Great) is also known as Karolus Magnus and actually spoke German. Marco Polo became a close friend to Kublai Khan, then ruler of the Mongol Empire. Venetian traveler/merchant who was among the first European traders to visit China and record his experiences. Marco Polo The writings of Marco Polo inspired many, including Christopher Columbus. Today’s group called the “Masons” began as a guild of bricklayers and builders. Medieval associations of craftsmen and merchants like weavers, shoemakers— practicing the same craft. Guild System Guilds arose in the towns of western Europe to set standards and promote the crafts. The black plague almost wiped out the Feudal system of Europe. An economic and political system of Europe (and Japan) in the Middle Ages based on loyalty and obligations. Feudalism In Feudalism the serf was the lowest in the social order while a king or “lord of the manor” was at the top. There were many crusades, 7 to 12 depending on your source; but only the first was successful. A series of “holy wars” in the Middle Ages in which European Christians attempted to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims. Crusades Pope Urban II called for the first “Crusade” to win back the Holy Land. King John Lackland of England was made to sign the Magna Carta under pressure from his own barons. A document drawn up by English nobles in 1215 that spelled out certain rights and limited the king’s power. Magna Carta King Richard the Lionheart was John’s brother—made famous in the story of Robin Hood. The term Renaissance comes from French terms meaning a “rebirth”. It applied to art, architecture, and science. A period of cultural and artistic flowering in Europe that began in Florence, Italy around 1350. Renaissance The Renaissance marked Europe’s rebirth after the Black Death had nearly wiped it out. The founder of a school of navigation, he made Portugal a world sea power. The Azores Islands were claimed by one of Henry the Navigators’ trainees. Prince Henry the Navigator Bartholomew Diaz and Vasco Da Gama, found a route around the tip of Africa—thanks to what Henry the Navigator started. Columbus made four voyages to the “New World” claiming lands that made Spain a global power and land owner. An Italian (Genoa) explorer who was financed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to find a route west, to India. Christopher Columbus On October 12, 1492, Colombus landed in the Bahamas, he called the island, San Salvador. Some people claim Leif Ericson “discovered” America—the debate is not settled. A Norwegian Viking, son of Erik the Red. He discovered Vineland around AD 1000 in present day Labrador, Newfoundland, Canada. Leif Ericson Leif Ericson was a bold sailor to travel across an open ocean on just a Viking ship. Spanish conqueror of Peru and the Inca Empire. Pizarro was cruel in many ways, as his treatment of the Inca proved. Francisco Pizarro Pizarro was constantly fighting against rebels, especially around the Inca capital city of Cuzco. Portuguese navigator who sailed through what is now known as the Strait of Magellan. One of his ships completed a circumnavigation of the globe. Magellan’s ship was the first known European ship to sail around the world. Ferdinand Magellan Magellan was killed by warring tribes in the Philippines before he could complete his voyage. Hernando is another name used for Hernan Cortes. Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire. Hernan Cortes Cortes brought down the Aztec empire under Moctezuma II. The dollar is a form of U.S. Currency. A term for money, in general. Currency In Europe, the most common form of currency is the Euro. “Secret” barter was a means of trading salt for gold in west Africa. To trade by exchanging goods and services without using money. Barter A fisherman trading 5 of his fish, for a piece of cloth from a weaver is an example of barter. When supply is high, and demand is high, the prices tend to go up. The term given to the number of units (items) that a company is willing or able to sell. Supply The world’s oil supply is larger than people think; but alternative fuels are a good idea. When demand is low, the prices also tend to drop. A willingness to buy a product at a particular price. Demand Too much demand of a product can result in a shortage of that product. When farmers produced a surplus of food products, other people could begin learning other trades. The amount of a product that a company offers for sale that is greater than the amount customers are willing to buy. Surplus After feeding his family, a farmer had a surplus of corn enough to sell for lots of money. A shortage of a product often causes a high rise in its prices. The amount of a product that a company offers for sale that is less than the amount customers are willing to buy. Shortage There was a shortage of gasoline in the 70’s that caused block long lines at gas stations. The study of the remains of past cultures. Archaeology When you study archaeology you like studying artifacts, and ancient remains. Archaeologists are still studying the ancient city of Pompeii Land that is rich in minerals makes good land to cultivate. To prepare and use land for raising crops (farming); cultivation marked the beginning of the New Stone Age. Cultivate Louisiana learned to cultivate sugar cane some two centuries ago. A river that begins in Turkey, flows through Syria and Iraq, and empties in the Persian Gulf. The Euphrates River was the southern river in Mesopotamia. Euphrates River The Euphrates along with the Tigris, rivers, are on both sides of Mesopotamia—where Sumer started. The Sumerian Civilization developed in the area where the Tigris met the Euphrates. A river that starts in eastern Turkey and flows southeast through Iraq till it joins the Euphrates River. Tigris River Together with the Euphrates, the Tigris supplied the area called Mesopotamia. The world’s first system of laws, recorded by Hammurabi, King of Babylonia about 1780 B. C. Code of Hammurabi In the Code of Hammurabi if you knocked a man’s tooth out—your tooth would be knocked out— unless you were poor. The Code of Hammurabi was the first set of “civil” laws known. Any “Dynasty” is a long period of time under the rule/control of the same power or family. A line of rulers who belong to the same family and pass control from one generation to the next in the same family. Chinese Dynasties A Chinese vase from the Ming Dynasty is worth a lot of money. Groups with different levels of importance. The social structure of most civilizations have the kings and rich at the top, and peasants at the bottom. Social Structure The Social Structure of the US gives more power to the wealthy. The Greeks had a democracy, the Romans established a powerful “Republic”. A form of government in which the citizens elect representatives to make most government decisions. Republic The United States is a republic—not a democracy. Trees are a renewable resource because they can be replanted after they are harvested. Resources that can be replaced or rebuild themselves Renewable Resources Thanks to the water cycle, water is a renewable resource. Acid rain is not literally a rain of dangerous acid. Rain or snow that carries pollution. Acid Rain Acid rain can change the pH of lakes and ponds and damage forests and whole ecosystems. The US imports more than half of the oil it consumes. The process of bringing products INTO a country from foreign countries. imports Most of our imports today come from China Resources that can never or almost never be replaced or renewed. Petroleum/Oil is a non-renewable resource. Non-Renewable Resources Because so many resources are nonrenewable we should try to recycle them. One of Louisiana’s biggest exports is sugar. The process of sending goods OUT of the country to foreign countries. Export When we export more than we import then we prosper. (do well) A system in which members of a group perform different tasks baed on their abilities and the needs of the group. Division of labor thanks to specialization created different social levels. Division of Labor All early societies needed priests, merchants, craftsmen, and farmers which division of labor gave them. A group of laws written down in 451 BC and carved on twelve bronze tablets that became the foundation of Roman Law. Twelve Tables The Twelve Tables were the beginning of civil laws for later civilizations. The Twelve Tables were posted in many places of Rome so the people could know what was legal and what wasn’t. Constantinople changed its name in the 1950’s to Istanbul. Name that applies to the Eastern Roman Empire with capital city at Byzantium in Turkey—later Constantinople. Byzantine The Byzantine Empire far outlasted the Western Roman Empire. The Black Death caused a greater percent of death worldwide than any other disease in history. An outbreak of the Bubonic Plague that nearly wiped out 1/3 to 1/2 or more of the people living in Europe and Asia. The Black Plague/Death The disease, often attributed to rats, was actually spread by fleas. The wars between Carthage and Rome are called the Punic Wars. A city in North Africa established by the Phoenecians and which fought 3 wars with Rome. Carthage Carthage’s greatest general was Hannibal who crossed the Alps with an army to attack Rome. A series of conflicts from 1337 to 1453 between England and France of control of the throne. Hundred Years War The hundred years war included the period of the black plague, and lasted more than a hundred years. Joan of Arc was a deciding factor in the French finally driving the English off the French mainland.