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Earliest humans to think Homo sapiens taming of plants and animals domestication Inter-related groups which survived by following and finding food Hunter-gatherers The way in which people live (art, science, government, etc.) Culture Wandering lifestyle following food and water Nomadic Items such as rocks or sticks used to accomplish work Simple Tools Inter-related groups of people Clans Communication which developed in the Paleolithic (OLD) age Oral language Living in one place and raising food Settled agriculture Tools which require reshaping or combining parts to work Complex tools Person who uses artifacts and fossils to determine past human events Archaeologist Animal and plant matter which has been preserved in nature Fossil Method of telling the approximate age of an artifact or fossil Carbon dating Giant circles of stone in England probably used for religious ceremonies Stonehenge Shift from huntinggatherer societies to settled agriculture Neolithic Revolution Tool Age following the Stone Age Bronze Age “U” shaped area stretching from the eastern Mediterranean coast through Syria into Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent Area in between and around the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys Mesopotamia Geographic term for the Indian sub-continent South Asia Geographic term for China East Asia Jewish people Hebrews phrase describing river valleys as the beginning of civilization Cradles of Civilization Passing of leadership from father to son (rule stays in the family) dynasty Independent cities and their surrounding lands (small kingdoms) City-state Moral law code of Christianity and Judaism Ten Commandments Early civil law code of Babylon Code of Hammurabi Working at or creating only one item or good in order to meet ones needs Specialization of labor Holy scriptures of Judaism Torah Banished from a land exiled Scattering of Jewish communities Diaspora Earliest form of writing by man pictograms Pictograms used in Egypt hieroglyphics Pictograms used in Sumeria cuneiform Symbols used to represent sounds created by the Phoenicians alphabet A political unit composed of the kingdom and all of its conquered lands empire Organization of people who complete the day to day tasks of government bureaucracy Early Persian religion with a belief in the forces of good and evil Zoroastrianism Race of people who controlled the Indian subcontinent with a caste system Aryan Period of time when a civilization enjoys a rapid advancement in culture Golden Age Rigid system of India which placed people in a particular social class from which they could not move Caste (Varna) System Movement of people from one location to another migration Belief that a person will return after their death in another form reincarnation Idea that one’s actions in life determines one’s destiny and future karma Religious scriptures for Hinduism Vedas Main ideas of the religious philosophy of Buddhism Four Noble Truths The course in Buddhism that would lead to freedom from the cycle of rebirth Eightfold Path to Enlightenment Fortified barrier constructed to protect East Asian people from attacks Great Wall of China Approval needed in order for Chinese rulers to hold power Mandate of Heaven Overland trade route that connected China to Western Europe Silk Road Professional government organization which required testing in order to work in government Civil Service Belief that deceased relatives continued to guide the family Ancestor worship Representation of good and evil in Daoism Yin and yang Exchange of goods for goods barter Exchange of goods for coins Money economy Settling of foreign lands to produce materials for the home country colonization Tales and legends of a civilization usually centered on nature and creation mythology Form of government in which citizens hold power democracy Form of government in which a few hold power oligarchy Person who can take part in the governing of society citizen Form of democracy in which each citizen has DIRECT input into decision making Direct democracy Wars fought between Persians and Greeks Persian Wars Wars fought between Spartans and Athenians Peloponnesian Wars Outdoor center of government in ancient Greece agora Form of government where one person seizes power and established a one-man rule tyranny Epic poem by Homer about the Trojan Wars Iliad & Odyssey The manner in which people meet their needs economy Form of government where the upper class nobility rules aristocracy Codified, harsh, law code of ancient Greece Code of Draco Alliance created under Pericles to free Ionia and protect Greeks from Persia Delian League Temple to Athena Parthenon Period where Greece reached its cultural height Golden Age of Pericles Classical Age Mixture of Greek and Persian cultures under Alexander the Great Hellenistic Group of Greek citizens who met in the agora to govern Assembly Lower class of Roman society, majority of free Romans plebeians Upper class of Roman society patricians Governing body in Rome composed of the patrician class Senate 2 elected officials in Rome who administered the government in Rome consuls The codified law of Rome Twelve Tables Wars fought between Rome and Carthage Punic Wars Internal warfare of a kingdom or empire Civil War Situation in which prices rise and the value of money decreases inflation A three person ruling group triumvurate 200 year period of Roman peace Pax Romana Holy scriptures of Christianity Holy Bible Old & New Testaments Teachings of the Christian Church doctrine Temple to all gods in Rome pantheon Arena for gladiator battles Colisseum Center of government in ancient Rome forum Epic poem by Virgil about the founding of Rome Aeneid The mixture of Greek and Roman culture GrecoRoman Group of languages derived from Latin including French and Italian Romance languages Codified law of the Byzantine Empire Justinian Code Religious images used in Christianity icons Form of artwork using pieces of tile and glass to create images mosaics Early Christian Church incorporating the dome on a rectangular building Hagia Sophia Eastern Church of early Christianity Greek/Eastern Orthodoxy Western Church of early Christianity Roman Catholic Alphabet adapted from the Greek alphabet to represent Slavic languages Cyrillic Holy scriptures of Islam Koran/Quran Basic concepts of Islam Five Pillars Islamic sect believing the caliphate should be a descendant of Muhammad Shi’a / Shiite Islamic sect believing the caliphate could be held by any Muslim Sunni Ended the expansion of Islam into Western Europe Battle of Tours Holy mosque built on the site where Muhammad ascended to Heaven Dome of the Rock Muslims of Spain Moors Religious wars to reconquer Middle Eastern holy sites by Christianity Crusades Islamic group which conquered Constantinople around 1300 AD Ottoman Turks Religious community of men who have taken religious vows monastery People who spread a religious message missionaries Local congregation of Catholicism with a priest in charge parish Estate with peasant workers granted to a noble in exchange for loyalty and military service Manor / fief Noble who held land and served a higher ranking lord vassal Medieval peoples living in the area of present day France Franks Document restricting the powers of the English king and listing individual freedoms for English people Magna Carta Non-religious secular Belief in more than one god polytheism Belief in one god Monotheism Medieval building designed to protect the manor/fief from invasion castle Ethnic religion of Japan Shintoism Group or chain of islands archipelago