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HUMAN DISCOVERIES ON UNIVERSE PRESENTED BY: MADIHA NASIR BBA(Hons) - MAJU AGENDA • • • • • • • WHAT IS UNIVERSE ASTRONOMICAL DEVELOPMENTS MOON PLANET MARS POSSIBILITY OF LIFE DO ALIENS EXIST?? UFOs WHAT IS UNIVERSE? • Whole cosmic system of matter and energy of which Earth is a part. Its main constituents are the galaxies, within which are stars and stellar groupings and nebulae. Earth's Sun is one star among the billions of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy. All atoms, subatomic particles, and everything they compose are also part of the universe. ASTRONOMICAL DEVELOPMENTS • Earth-Like Planet Discovered in Libra. • Discovery of water vapor in the atmosphere of an exoplanet. • Two new satellites found around Pluto. • New Solar System discovered. • Astronomers captured photo of extrasolar planet. Earth-Like Planet Discovered in Libra Earth-Like Planet Discovered in Libra • Astronomers have discovered the most Earth-like planet yet in another solar system. It is the first planet outside of our solar system that could be home to liquid water. Above is an artist's illustration of the planet, which scientists think is either rocky, or covered with oceans. Discovery of water vapor in the atmosphere of an exoplanet Discovery of water vapor in the atmosphere of an exoplanet • Scientists have reported the first conclusive discovery of water vapor in the atmosphere of an exoplanet, or a planet beyond our solar system. • This shows a gas-giant exoplanet transiting across the face of its star.. • The planet, HD 189733b, lies 63 lightyears away in the constellation Vulpecula. It was discovered in 2005 as it transited its parent star, dimming the star's light by some three percent. Two new satellites found around Pluto Two new satellites found around Pluto • images revealing Pluto, its large moon Charon, and the planet's two new satellites. The candidate moons aren't visible in the short-e New Solar System discovered New Solar System discovered • The discovery of a Jupiter-like planet in a Jupiter-like orbit around nearby Sun-like star 55 Cancri, gives a new indication that planetary systems similar to our Solar System likely exist elsewhere. • The planet, discovered by G. Marcy (UC Berkeley) and by collaborators, is one of two new planets found around 55 Cancri in 1997 a Jupiter-massed planet was found orbiting very close in. • The star 55 Cancri, is visible with binoculars towards the constellation of Cancer. Astronomers captured photo of extrasolar planet Astronomers captured photo of extrasolar planet • After a few close calls, astronomers have finally obtained the first photograph of a planet beyond our solar system. • The object is about 14 times further away from its star than the Earth is from our Sun, placing it slightly further out than the planet Saturn. This is the first companion imaged in an orbit similar to those of the giant planets. MOON • Moon The natural satellite of Earth, visible by reflection of sunlight and having a slightly elliptical orbit, approximately 356,000 kilometers (221,600 miles) distant at perigee and 406,997 kilometers (252,950 miles) at apogee. Its mean diameter is 3,475 kilometers (2,160 miles), its mass approximately one eightieth that of Earth, and its average period of revolution around Earth 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes calculated with respect to the sun. • A natural satellite revolving around a planet. MARS MARS • The fourth planet from the sun, having a sidereal period of revolution about the sun of 687 days at a mean distance of 227.9 million kilometers (141.6 million miles) and a mean diameter of approximately 6,794 kilometers (4,222 miles). • Mars has a reddish color, and at times is the third brightest object in the night sky (the Moon and Venus are first and second, respectively). Environment • The atmosphere is composed chiefly of carbon dioxide (95.3% by volume), nitrogen (2.7%) and argon (1.6%). • Surface winds can be up to 40 m/s (80 miles/hour) • There are local dust storms, or dust devils, and global dust storms. • The surface temperature averages -53 °C (-64 °F) and varies between -128 and 27 °C (-199 and 80 °F). Possibility Of Life On Mars • Mars may hold water ice under surface • Big floods on Mars in recent past. • Antarctic find boosts prospects for Mars life • Mars soil gives hints of green planet. Mars may hold water ice under surface • Scientists say they may have solved the mystery of where Mars' water went. Large amounts of hydrogen have been detected under the surface -- perhaps in the form of water ice. Does the possible presence of water on Mars mean life exists there? • Scientists say it raises the chances, but it's by no means conclusive. • If life exists there now, it's most likely in the form of some type of microbe. • Experts say the best chance for finding conclusive evidence of such life would involve a "sample return mission." • A unmanned probe would land on the planet, scoop up a soil sample that might harbor these Martian microbes, and then return it to earth for analysis. Big floods on Mars in recent past • The most recent great floods on Mars took place in the recent geologic past, not billions of years ago as previously estimated, according to scientists. • The water here gushed from volcanotectonic fissures. While the fissures themselves may be older, the latest eruption of the water was probably only about 10 million years ago. Antarctic find boosts prospects for Mars life • The unexpected discovery of organisms buried underneath a dreary stretch of Antarctic desert has bolstered hopes that life could exist in similar conditions on Mars. • The microorganisms thrived in soil with salt concentrations as high as 3,000 parts per million, according to William Mahaney of York University in Ontario, Canada. • The salts considerably lower the freezing point, meaning that despite the big chill water can remain in liquid form, which all known life forms require. Mars soil gives hints of green planet Mars soil gives hints of green planet • Mars suggests that the surface contains chlorophyll, a discovery that could bolster prospects of finding life on the planet. • Chlorophyll, the molecule that plants and algae use to convert sunlight into food, gives all photosynthetic organisms on our planet their distinguishing green color. • The study by Carole Stoker and Pascal Ashwanden, both work at NASA's Ames Research Center in California turned up six potential chlorophyll hot spots. "Two intriguing cases occur in small areas on the ground near the spacecraft. DO ALIENS EXIST?? ALIENS • Extraterrestrial life is life that exists and originates outside the planet Earth, the only place in the universe currently known by humans to support life. • Its existence is still hypothetical as there is currently little, if any, evidence to indicate that other planets can support life, and there is no evidence of extraterrestrial life that has been widely accepted by the scientific community. UFO UFO • A UFO is a general term used for any “unidentified flying object” in the sky which cannot be discerned by an observer. • Sometimes referred to colloquially as “flying saucers.” • Most UFO sightings have prosaic explanations; there is no hard evidence that extraterrestrial beings are visiting Earth. THANKYOU….