Download Stellar Evolution

Stellar Formation
Birkeland Currents
Magnetic Pinch
Marklund Convection
Double Plasma Focus
Cosmic Birkeland Currents
• Stars and galaxies
form on filaments of
plasma called
Birkeland currents.
• How?
• Via Marklund
convection, the
magnetic pinch, and
the plasma focus
mechanism.
A Star Forming on a Birkeland Current
Astronomers Know Stars Form “On
Strings”.
• In April, 2011 (ESA)
announced that its Herschel
space observatory
discovered "networks of
tangled gaseous filaments"
in the clouds between the
stars
•
"We can actually see stars
forming like beads on strings
in some of these filaments.”
Galaxies Also Form on Strings
The Magnetic-pinch at Work
“Bug Neb.” NGC 6302
Mainstream Comment About
Planetary Nebulae:
• “A planetary nebula is the glowing relic
of a dying, sun-like star.”
• “The hourglass shapes of many
planetary nebulae are produced by the
expansion of a ‘fast stellar wind’ within a
slowly expanding ’cloud’ which is
denser near its equator than its poles.”
• If so, where do the x-rays come from?
NASA Is Preoccupied With Death
MyCn-18
• “The sands of time
are running out for
the central star of
this hourglassshaped planetary
nebula.”
• But, this star is not
dying.
• It is being born.
Winston Bostick (1926-1991)
• Consultant to LANL.
• Shot two counterdirected plasma focus
guns directly at each
other in 1956.
• Created plasmoids that
had same shape and
rotation as galaxies.
• In 1980’s Peratt
simulated these results
on a supercomputer.
Plasma Focus Gun
The beam forms in cases where the inner electrode is at a
higher voltage than the outer electrode.
Shape of the Focus Discharge
• a: beginning phase.
• b: inner circle of discharge goes inside.
• c: compression occurs - outer surface curves out.
Vela Pulsar
Mainstream comments:
“Just because this looks like a
plasma focus device doesn’t
mean it is one.”
“It is a dying star”.
“Gravity cannot repel anything,
so the jet is evidence of a black
hole. Or maybe gravitational
collapse”
Bostick’s Results (1956)
PN He2-90
Marklund Convection
Elements tend to
form concentric
cylinders inside
Birkeland currents.
The radii are
proportional to the
ionization voltages of
the elements.
An Effective Coaxial Cable
H, O, N
Fe, Si, Mg
Magnetic-pinch Applied
Birkeland Currents
B-Field
H, O, N
Fe, Si, Mg
Plasma focus discharges
initiated on both sides of the
crimped channel.
Double Plasma Focus in Action
“Twin-jet” or “Butterfly” neb. M2-9
Many Examples of This Process Exist
Is This a Beginning Z-pinch?
“Gomez’s Hamburger”
See: http://www.spaceimages.com/gomham.html
Some of the Plasma Areas Can
Be in Dark (Invisible) Mode.
NGC 6537
M1 The Crab Nebula
M1 The Crab Nebula in X-ray
NGC 2346
“Cotton Candy Nebula”
IRAS 17150-3224 (Scorpius)
Stingray Nebula (Hen-1357)
PN Hubble 5
Footprint Neb. (M1-92)
“Thor’s Helmet” (NGC 2359)
Necklace Nebula
“Rotten Egg” Nebula
PN SuWt-2
Alfvén Stellar Circuit
Fomalhaut and Its Ring
Is this ring the last
visible part of a
double plasma
focus structure?
SN 1987A
Radio Galaxy 3C31
Centaurus A
Herbig-Haro HH47
& Molecular Hydrogen Objects
The Garden
Sprinkler PN
IBEX Interstellar Boundary Explorer Reveals
Milky Way Polar Gamma-Ray “Bubbles”
Is This Morphology Universal?
• Do all stars form this way?
• Do all galaxies form this way?
• Do all stars and galaxies have (perhaps
vestigial) rings?
• Is this the most basic, fundamental
mechanism in all of Plasma Cosmology?
• It may well be.
• STAY TUNED!
THANK YOU