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UNIVERSE & SOLAR
SYSTEM
Chapters 21 & 22
Test One Material
BIRTH OF ASTRONOMY

GEOCENTRIC - EARTH IS AT THE
CENTER
 ARISTARCHUS
 HELIOCENTRIC - SUN CENTERED
UNIVERSE
 STILL LEARNING
– Eric Idle
EARLY ASTRONOMERS

ERATOTHENES - FIRST TO MEASURE
SIZE OF EARTH
 HIPPARCHUS - STAR CATALOGUE 850
 PTOLEMY - DEVELOPED MODEL OF
THE UNIVERSE - PTOLEMAIC
SYSTEM
MODERN ASTRONOMY

COPERNICUS - EARTH WAS A
PLANET WITH SUN AT CENTER OF
OTHER PLANETS
 KEPLER - LAWS OF PLANETARY
MOTION. ASTRONOMICAL UNIT OR
(AU) MEASURED PLANETS DISTANCE
TO SUN AND PERIOD OF
REVOLUTION
PLANET








MERCURY
VENUS
EARTH
MARS
JUPITER
SATURN
URANUS
NEPTUNE
AU
0.39
0.72
1.00
1.52
5.20
9.54
19.18
30.06
YEARS
0.24
0.62
1.00
1.88
11.86
29.46
84.01
164.80
GALILEO

TELESCOPE
 4 MOONS OF JUPITER
 PLANETS WERE CIRCULAR DISKS
 MOON’S SURFACE WAS NOT
SMOOTH
 SUNSPOTS
SIR ISAAC NEWTON

INERTIA - FIRST LAW OF MOTION THAT
THE NATURAL TENDENCY FOR A MOVING
OBJECT IS TO CONTINUE MOVING AT A
UNIFORM SPEED AND IN A STRAIGHT LINE
UNLESS ACTED UPON BY ANOTHER
OUTSIDE FORCE
 GRAVITY - ATTRACTIVE FORCE THAT IS
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO MASS &
INVERSELY TO DISTANCE
CONSTELLATION

AN APPARENT GROUP OF STARS
ORIGINALLY NAMED FOR MYTHICAL
CHARACTERS. PRESENTLY THE SKY
IS DIVIDED INTO 88
CONSTELLATIONS
UNIVERSE ORIGIN?

HUGE EXPLOSION (BIG BANG) THREW
MATERIAL OUTWARD IN ALL
DIRECTIONS. MATERIAL BEGAN TO
ATTRACT AND ROTATE (HAROLD UREY’S
ROTATING DISK OR NEBULAR THEORY).
MATERIAL COMBINED TO FORM SOLAR
SYSTEMS. MATERIAL IN CENTER OF
EACH SYSTEM REACHED 15 MILLION
DEGREES F AND BEGAN TO GLOW
 ALL THINGS ASTRONOMICAL
STARS

EACH SOLAR SYSTEM (STAR/SUN) IS
CLUSTERED WITH BILLIONS OF
OTHERS TO FORM GALAXIES ( 400
BILLION IN MILKY WAY GALAXY)
 THERE MAY BE MILLIONS OF
GALAXIES
 GALAXIES ARE MILLIONS OF LIGHT
YEARS APART
WHAT IS A LIGHT YEAR
(DISTANCE)?

LIGHT TRAVELLING AT 186,000
MILES PER SECOND FOR AN ENTIRE
YEAR
 5.8 TRILLION MILES
 5,800,000,000,000 MILES
BILLION AND TRILLION
REALITY CHECK

IF YOU COULD PICK UP ONE PENNY
PER SECOND HOW LONG TO PICK UP
ONE BILLION?
 32 YEARS
 WHAT ABOUT A TRILLION PENNIES?
 32,000 YEARS
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM

OUR SUN IS ONE OF 400 BILLION
STARS THAT MAKE UP THE MILKY
WAY GALAXY
 YELLOW DWARF - COMPARED TO
OTHER STARS IT IS AN AVERAGE
STAR
 109 TIMES THE DIAMETER OF THE
EARTH
Sun and stars
Sun
SUN STRUCTURE - SOLAR
INTERIOR

CAN NOT BE DIRECTLY OBSERVED
 HAS TEMPERATURES OF AT LEAST 15
MILLION DEGREES BUT MORE
LIKELY 27 MILLION DEGREES
FAHRENHEIT
SUN STRUCTURE PHOTOSPHERE
THE SUN’S VISIBLE SURFACE
 TEMPERATURES OF 10,000 DEGREES F
 SUNSPOTS - DARK BLEMISHES THAT ARE
COOLER THAN SUN’S SURFACE AND MAY
EFFECT EARTH’S WEATHER
 FACULAE - HOT SPOTS ON THE
PHOTOSPHERE

SUN STRUCTURE CHROMOSPHERE

LOWER OR INNER SOLAR
ATMOSPHERE
 HOT GASES WITH TEMPERATURES
FROM 10,000 DEGREES F NEAR
PHOTOSPHERE TO ALMOST 1
MILLION DEGREES F IN UPPER
REGIONS
SUNSTRUCTURE - CORONA

OUTER SOLAR ATMOSPHERE
 MAY EXTEND OUTWARD 620,000
MILES
 TEMPERATURES GREATER THAN 1
MILLION DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
EARTH’S MOON

HAS NO ATMOSPHERE AND LACKS
WATER
 HAS A SURFACE WITH MANY
CRATERS
 THE MORE CRATERS IN AN AREA,
THE OLDER THE SURFACE AREA
LUNAR SURFACE

MARE- DARK
SURFACES OF
MOON
 HIGHLANDS MOUNTAIN
RANGES
LUNAR CYCLE - 29 1/2
DAYS

NEW MOON
 WAXING CRESCENT
 FIRST QUARTER
 WAXING GIBBOUS
 FULL MOON
 WANING GIBBOUS

THIRD QUARTER
 WANING CRESCENT
 NEW MOON
MOON’S ORBIT AROUND
EARTH

PERIGEE IS WHEN MOON IS CLOSEST
TO EARTH AT ABOUT 221,000 MILES
AWAY
 APOGEE IS WHEN MOON IS
FARTHEST AWAY FROM EARTH AT
ABOUT 252,000 MILES
Lunar orbit
ECLIPSES

SOLAR ECLIPSE - MOON MOVES IN A
LINE DIRECTLY BETWEEN EARTH &
SUN. MOON’S ORBIT IS INCLINED
ABOUT 5 DEGREES TO THE ELIPTIC
PLANE OF EARTH/SUN
 LUNAR ECLIPSE - EARTH MOVES
BETWEEN SUN AND MOON
MOTIONS OF THE EARTH

ROTATION - MEAN SOLAR DAY VS.
SIDERAL DAY [TIME IT TAKES
EARTH TO MAKE ONE COMPLETE
ROTATION WITH RESPECT TO
ANOTHER STAR]
 REVOLUTION
EARTH’S ORBIT AROUND
SUN

AVERAGE OF 93 MILLION MILES
 PERIHELION OCCURS ON JANUARY
3/4 WHEN EARTH IS 91 1/2 MILLION
MILES FROM SUN
 APHELION OCCURS ON JULY 3/4
WHEN EARTH IS 94 1/2 MILLION
MILES FROM SUN
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS

COMPOSED OF DENSE ROCKY AND
METALLIC MATERIALS WITH LITTLE
OR NO ATMOSPHERE
 MERCURY
 VENUS
 EARTH
 MARS
JOVIAN PLANETS

GIANT PLANETS WITH LARGE
AMOUNTS OF HYDROGEN AND
HELIUM WITH THICK ATMOSPHERES
 JUPITER
 SATURN
 URANUS
 NEPTUNE
 http://www.nineplanets.org/
Dwarf planets
 New
class of planets
• Orbit the Sun
• Not the only objects to occupy their area of
space
• Pluto is the prototype of this new category
• Located in the Kuiper belt – a band of icy
objects found beyond the orbit of Neptune
Dwarf Planets

Pluto
 Charon
 Eris - UB 313 [Xena]

Ceres
Comparison of Pluto, Earth,
and other Kuiper Belt objects
Figure 22.31
RELATIVE SIZE

Then the Earth is about 1.3 cm in diameter (the
size of a grape). The Moon orbits about a foot
away. The Sun is 1.5 meters in diameter (about the
height of a man) and 150 meters (about a city
block) from the Earth. Jupiter is 15 cm in diameter
(the size of a large grapefruit) and 5 blocks away
from the Sun. Saturn (the size of an orange) is 10
blocks away; Uranus and Neptune (lemons) are 20
and 30 blocks away. A human on this scale is the
size of an atom; the nearest star would be over
40000 km away.
MERCURY

INNERMOST AND SWIFTEST PLANET
 ALBEDO 0F 6%
 DAYLIGHT & DARKNESS BOTH LAST
88 DAYS
 TEMPERATURE RANGE OF -300F TO
800F
 VERY LITTLE ATMOSPHERE
VENUS





SIMILAR IN SIZE, DENSITY AND MASS TO
EARTH
THICK CLOUD OF CARBON DIOXIDE
SURFACE TEMPS OF 900F DUE TO
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS 90 TIMES
THAT OF EARTH
IF EARTH IS HEAVEN THEN VENUS IS
HELL
MARS

LITTLE GREEN MEN, MARS
ATTACKS, HG WELLES
 WHITE POLAR ICE CAPS
 HAVE GREAT RIFT VALLEY
 VERY DRY PLANET
 REDDISH ROCK, SAND AND SOIL
 http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.h
tml
MARS IN THE FUTURE?
JUPITER





2 1/2 TIMES LARGER THAN ALL OTHER
PLANETS COMBINED
1 DAY LASTS 10 HOURS DUE TO FAST
ROTATION
HURRICANE-LIKE STORM SYSTEMS WITH
WINDS OF 1000 MPH - GREAT RED SPOT
SURFACE OF LIQUID HYDROGEN OCEAN
SOME MOONS [61] AS LARGE AS MARS
MOONS OF JUPITER

CALLISTO
 GANYMEDE
 IO
 EUROPA
 DISCOVERED BY GALILELO
 61? TOTAL MOONS
SATURN

29 1/2 YEARS TO MAKE ONE
REVOLUTION
 SYSTEM OF RINGS
 HIGH WIND SPEEDS 1000+ MPH
URANUS

SURROUNDED BY POLAR CIRCLING
RINGS
 KNOWN AS THE GREEN PLANET
 METHANE IN ATMOSPHERE
 ROTATES ON ITS SIDE
NEPTUNE

TWIN PLANET TO URANUS
 COLDER TEMPERATURES
 MAY BE THE MOST DISTANT PLANET
 TRITON -391 DEGREES F
 KUIPER BELT – ICY BODIES BEYOND
NEPTUNE THAT ORBIT THE SUN –
MAY BE A SOURCE FOR SHORTTERM COMETS
PLUTO

MAY NOT BE A PLANET BUT A TRANSITION
BETWEEN COMET AND PLANET
 As of 8/16/06 classified as a Pluton along with Charon and
UB 313
 PLANET X
 AVERAGE TEMP OF -350F
 LARGE DIRTY ICEBALL
 SOMETIMES IS CLOSER TO SUN THAN NEPTUNE
 248 YEARS TO ORBIT SUN
OORT CLOUD

AREA WHERE COMETS RESIDE JUST
OUTSIDE OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
 http://www.nineplanets.org/comets.html
 HALLEY’S COMET EVERY 76 YEARS
 COMET KAHOUTEK
 HALE-BOPP COMET IN 1997
Minor members of the
solar system
 Comets
• Often compared to large, “dirty snowballs”
• Composition
 Frozen gases
 Rocky and metallic materials
• Frozen gases vaporize when near the Sun
 Produces a glowing head called the coma
 Some may develop a tail that points away from Sun
due to
• Radiation pressure and the solar wind
Orientation of a comet’s tail
as it orbits the Sun
Figure 22.27
HALE-BOPP
sunsinger
10TH PLANET?





ASTEROID BELT BETWEEN MARS &
JUPITER
BODE’S LAW
MAY HAVE BEEN PLANET THAT
EXPLODED - ASTER
MAY BE TWO MOONS FROM JUPITER
COLLIDED
MAY BE MATERIAL THAN NEVER
COALESCED TO FORM PLANET
Minor members of the
solar system
 Asteroids
• Most lie between Mars and Jupiter
• Small bodies – largest (Ceres) is about 620
•
•
•
•
miles in diameter
Some have very eccentric orbits
Many of the recent impacts on the Moon and
Earth were collisions with asteroids
Irregular shapes
Origin is uncertain
The orbits of most asteroids
lie between Mars and Jupiter
Figure 22.25
Minor members of the
solar system
 Meteoroids
• Called meteors when they enter Earth’s
atmosphere
• A meteor shower occurs when Earth encounters
a swarm of meteoroids associated with a
comet’s path
• Meteoroids are referred to as meteorites when
they are found on Earth
10th PLANET PART 2

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2005/29j
ul_planetx.htm?list165102
 What will it’s name be????? Eris
What do you know?

PART 1 -On a piece of paper write down one
thing from these chapters that you really
understand well.
 PART 2 -Below that write something down from
the chapters that still confuses you
 PART 3 -Go around the room and find someone to
explain what you know in part 1 and ask them to
explain what you don’t know
 If after talking to 3 people you can’t find an
answer to your PART 2 question, then circle it and
bring it to me