Download EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE TOPIC 3 2011-2012

EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE
TOPIC 3
2011-2012
1
celestial object
 any object outside or above Earth’s atmosphere.
2
Examples of celestial objects
1) Universe
2) Galaxy
3) Solar System
4) Sun
5) Earth
6) Moon
3
4
5
Light Year????
Sunlight takes approximately 8
minutes to reach Earth
Speed of light
3x108 m/s
671 million mile/hr
6
1) The symbols below are used to represent
different regions of space.
Which diagram shows the correct relationship
between these four regions? [If one symbol is
within another symbol, that means it is part of,
or included in, that symbol].
7
2) Which sequence correctly lists the relative sizes
from smallest to largest?
(1) our solar system, universe, Milky Way Galaxy
(2) our solar system, Milky Way Galaxy, universe
(3) Milky Way Galaxy, our solar system, universe
(4) Milky Way Galaxy, universe, our solar system
8
Age of our Solar System &
Universe
9
Universe
everything that exists.
(all space, all matter, all energy).
10
Age of the Earth?
11
Age of Earth is 4.6 bya
b.y.a = billion years ago
4,600,000,000 years =
4.6 bya =
12
4,600 mya
Age of the Universe…..
 10 – 13.7 billion years old.
The universe is….
 older and bigger than anything else.
13
3) What is the inferred age of our solar system, in
millions of years?
(1) 544
(2) 1300
(3) 4600
(4) 10,000
14
4) The explosion associated with the Big Bang theory
and the formation of the universe is inferred to
have occurred how many billion years ago?
(1) less than 1
(2) 2.5
(3) 4.6
(4) over 10
15
5) Which statement best describes the age of our solar
system and the universe?
(1) The universe is at least twice as old as our solar
system.
(2) Our solar system is at least twice as old as the
universe.
(3) Our solar system and the universe are estimated to
be 5 billion years old.
(4) Our solar system and the universe are estimated to
be 10 billion years old.
16
Big Bang Theory
Big Bang Theory - the theory that explains the
origin of the universe.
all matter and energy started out concentrated in a
small area.
expansion begins.
The earliest atoms form (hydrogen and helium).
Matter clumps together to form stars and groups of
stars (galaxies).
The universe is still expanding in all directions.
17
DATE
Main Ideas and Supporting Details
18
Evidence for the Big Bang.
19
1) Long-wavelength background
radiation
(microwaves), that appears to be
coming for all directions in the
universe.
20
2) Electromagnetic energy emitted
from stars.
• each element emits energy of a particular
wavelength.
• The wavelengths emitted by stars are shifted
either toward the blue end (shorter wavelengths)
or red end (longer wavelengths) of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
21
Each element produces a signature
wavelength of electromagnetic energy.
hydrogen
However, when stars are examined these
characteristic wavelengths are shifted.
22
Blue shift occurs when the wavelengths
are shifted towards shorter wavelengths.
(Stars are moving towards one another.
normal
shifted
23
Red shift occurs when the wavelengths are
shifted toward the longer wavelengths.
(Stars are moving away from one another).
normal
shifted
24
25
NEW Simplified version
ESRT p.14
26
normal
Red shift
27
This shifting of wavelengths is called
the Doppler Effect.
Car horn example
28
Almost all galaxies have a red
shift….
• therefore, the universe is expanding in all
directions.
29
ANOTHER EXAMPLE….
The Baboon…
30
If he is headed towards you,
so see..
31
If he is headed away from you,
you see…
32
6) When viewed from Earth, the light
from very distant galaxies shows a
red shift. This is evidence that these
distant galaxies are
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
revolving around the Sun
revolving around the Milky Way
moving away from Earth
moving toward Earth
33
7) The diagram below shows the spectral
lines for an element.
Which diagram best represents the
spectral lines of this element when its
light is observed coming from a star
that is moving away from Earth?
A
B
C
D
34
8) Astronomers viewing light from distant
galaxies observe a shift of spectral lines
toward the red end of the visible
spectrum. This shift provides evidence
that
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
orbital velocities of stars are decreasing
Earth’s atmosphere is warming
the Sun is cooling
the universe is expanding
35
Base your answers to questions 9 through 12 on
the table below, which shows eight inferred
stages describing the formation of the universe
from its beginning to the present time.
36
9) How soon did protons and neutrons form
after the beginning of the universe?
(1) 10–43 second (3) 10–6 second
(2) 10–32 second (4) 13.7 billion years
37
10) What is the most appropriate title for this
table?
(1)
(3)
(2)
(4)
The
The
The
The
Big Bang Theory
Law of Superposition
Theory of Plate Tectonics
Laws of Planetary Motion
38
11) According to this table, the average
temperature of the universe since stage 3 has
(1) decreased, only
(2) increased, only
(3) remained the same
(4) increased, then decreased
39
12) Between which two stages did our solar
system form?
(1) 1 and 3
(2) 3 and 5
(3) 6 and 7
(4) 7 and 8
40
Base your answers to question 13 on the calendar
model shown below of the inferred history of the
universe and on your knowledge of Earth science.
The 12-month time line begins with the Big Bang
on January 1 and continues to the present time,
which is represented by midnight on December
31. Several inferred events and the relative
times of their occurrence have been placed in
the appropriate locations on the time line.
41
13) State one piece of evidence used
by scientists to support the theory
that the Big Bang event occurred.
42
DATE
Main Ideas and Supporting Details
43
3.2) Structure of the Universe.
44
Galaxies.
A galaxy is a collection of billions of stars.
Our galaxy is spiral shaped.
The name for our galaxy is the Milky Way.
45
Stars.
A large ball of gas held together by gravity.
46
Energy Production In Stars
Most of the energy produced in stars results from
nuclear fusion.
Nuclear fusion is the combination of the nuclei of
smaller elements to form the nuclei of larger
elements.
The sun converts Hydrogen into Helium.
Nuclear fusion can only occur in extremely high
temperature and high pressure conditions like
those found in star interiors.
47
Luminosity and Temperature of
Stars diagram.
See ESRT p15
48
49
Luminosity of a star measures how bright
it would be.
50
Star types
The sun is an average-sized star.
51
Main Sequence Stars
About 90 percent of studied stars are
located in a broad band called the Main
Sequence.
52
Star Origin and Evolution
Stars originate from clouds of gas and dust.
Gravity causes these gas and dust clouds to clump
up.
When the mass becomes large enough,
gravitational contraction results in high enough
temperature and pressure to start nuclear
fusion.
Stars spend most of their lives as a Main Sequence
star.
53
Stars with masses similar to the sun
eventually expand to become a red giant.
These stars use up most of their nuclear
fuel and collapse to form a white dwarf
and eventually a black dwarf.
54
Stars with masses greater than the sun exist
for much shorter periods of time.
These massive stars evolve into super giants
and eventually explode in a super nova
event.
55
14) The star Algol is estimated to have
approximately the same luminosity as the star
Aldebaran and approximately the same
temperature as the star Rigel. Algol is best
classified as a
+
(1) main sequence
star
(2) red giant star
(3) white dwarf star
(4) red dwarf star
56
15) The reaction below represents an energyproducing process.
The reaction represents how energy is produced
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
in the Sun by fusion
when water condenses in Earth’s atmosphere
from the movement of crustal plates
during nuclear decay
57
16) Which process produces the energy that
allows the stars of the universe to radiate
visible light?
(1) convection
(2) nuclear fusion
(3) insolation
(4) radioactive decay
58
17) Which list shows stars in order of increasing
temperature?
(1) Barnard’s Star,
Polaris, Sirius, Rigel
(2) Aldebaran, the Sun,
Rigel, Procyon B
(3) Rigel, Polaris,
Aldebaran,
Barnard’s Star
(4) Procyon B, Alpha Centauri,
Polaris, Betelgeuse
59
18) Compared with our Sun, the star Betelgeuse is
(1) smaller, hotter,
and less luminous
(2) smaller, cooler,
and more luminous
(3) larger, hotter,
and less luminous
(4) larger, cooler, and
more luminous
60
19) Compared to other groups of stars, the group
that has relatively low luminosities and
relatively low temperatures is the
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Red Dwarfs
White Dwarfs
Red Giants
Blue Supergiants
61
Base your answers to question 20 and 21 on the
star chart below, which shows part of the winter
sky visible from New York State. Some of the
brighter stars are labeled and the constellation
Orion is outlined.
20) Identify the color
of the star Bellatrix,
which has a surface
temperature of
approximately 25,000 K
BLUE
62
21) In the space provided, list the
stars, other than Bellatrix, found
on the chart in order
of decreasing
luminosity. Rigel,
the most luminous
star, has been
listed.
Betelgeuse
Aldebaran
Sirius
Procyon B
63
22) Compared to the surface temperature and
luminosity of massive stars in the Main
Sequence, the smaller stars in the Main
Sequence are
(1) hotter and less
luminous
(2) hotter and
more luminous
(3) cooler and
less luminous
(4) cooler and
more luminous
64
DATE
Main Ideas and Supporting Details
65
NOTES FROM THIS POINT FORWARD
ARE FROM 2009-2010 SCHOOL
YEAR.
THEY MAY NOT MATCH YOUR NOTES
PACKET.
CHECK BACK LATER FOR THE
UPDATED VERSION.
66
III. SOLAR SYSTEM.
67
Our solar system is the sun and all objects
that orbit the sun under its gravitational
influence.
68
Parts of the Solar System.
About 99% of the mass of the solar system is
contained in the sun.
A satellite is any object that revolves or moves
around another object.
69
Asteroids
An asteroid is a solid rocky and/or metallic
body that independently orbits the sun.
Gaspra
A large percentage of known asteroids are in
orbits between Mars and Jupiter.
70
The Curious Tale of Asteroid Hermes
It’s dogma [accepted belief] now: an asteroid hit Earth 65 million years
ago and wiped out the dinosaurs. But in 1980 when scientists Walter
and Luis Alvarez first suggested the idea to a gathering at the
American Association for Advancement of Sciences, their listeners
were skeptical. Asteroids hitting Earth? Wiping out species? It seemed
incredible.
At that very moment, unknown to the audience, an asteroid named
Hermes halfway between Mars and Jupiter was beginning a long
plunge toward our planet. Six months later it would pass 300,000
miles from Earth’s orbit, only a little more than the distance to the
Moon….
Hermes approaches Earth’s orbit twice every 777 days. Usually our
planet is far away when the orbit crossing happens, but in 1937, 1942,
1954, 1974 and 1986, Hermes came harrowingly [dangerously] close
to Earth itself. We know about most of these encounters only because
Lowell Observatory astronomer Brian Skiff rediscovered Hermes on
Oct. 15, 2003. Astronomers around the world have been tracking it
carefully ever since.…
Excerpted from “The Curious Tale of Asteroid Hermes,” Dr. Tony
Phillips, Science @ NASA, November 3, 2003.
71
23) When Hermes is located at position A
and Earth is in the position shown in the
diagram, the asteroid can be viewed
from Earth at each of the following
times except
(1) sunrise
(2) Sunset
(3) 12 noon
(4) 12 midnight
72
24) How does the period of revolution of Hermes
compare to the period of revolution of the
planets shown in the diagram?
(1)Hermes has a longer period of revolution than
Mercury, but a shorter period of revolution than
Venus, Earth, and Mars.
(2) Hermes has a shorter period of revolution than
Mercury, but a longer period of revolution than
Venus, Earth, and Mars.
(3) Hermes has a longer period of revolution than
all of the planets shown.
(4) Hermes has a shorter period of revolution than
all of the planets shown.
73
Hermes = 777 days
74
24) How does the period of revolution of Hermes
compare to the period of revolution of the
planets shown in the diagram?
(1)Hermes has a longer period of revolution than
Mercury, but a shorter period of revolution than
Venus, Earth, and Mars.
(2) Hermes has a shorter period of revolution than
Mercury, but a longer period of revolution than
Venus, Earth, and Mars.
(3) Hermes has a longer period of revolution than
all of the planets shown.
(4) Hermes has a shorter period of revolution than
all of the planets shown.
75
25) Why is evidence of asteroids striking Earth
so difficult to find?
(1) Asteroids are made mostly of frozen water and
gases and are vaporized on impact.
(2) Asteroids are not large enough to leave impact
craters.
(3) Asteroids do not travel fast enough to create
impact craters.
(4) Weathering, erosion, and deposition on Earth
have destroyed or buried most impact
craters.
76
26) According to the diagram, as Hermes
and the planets revolve around the Sun,
Hermes appears to be a threat to collide
with
(1) Earth, only
(2) Earth and Mars, only
(3) Venus, Earth, and
Mars, only
(4) Mercury, Venus,
Earth, and Mars
77
DATE
Main Ideas and Supporting Details
78
moon
A moon is a body that orbits a planet or asteroid.
79
comets
A comet is often compared to a "dirty snowball"
made from snow found along a road that has just
been sanded.
The tail will always point away from the sun.
• diagram;
80
"I came in with Halley's Comet in 1835. It is coming
again next year (1910), and I expect to go out with
it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life
if I don't go out with Halley's Comet." - Mark
Twain (1835-1910)
81
The 1986 approach was the least favourable for Earth observers.
Comet Hale-Bopp (formally designated C/1995 O1) was probably
the most widely observed comet of the twentieth century, and one
of the brightest seen for many decades. It was visible to the naked
eye for a record 18 months, twice as long as the previous record
holder, the Great Comet of 1811.
Hale-Bopp was discovered on 23 July 1995 at a very large distance
from the Sun, raising expectations that the comet could become
very bright when it passed close to the Sun. Although comet
brightnesses are very difficult to predict with any degree of
accuracy, Hale-Bopp met or exceeded most predictions for its
brightness when it passed perihelion on April 1, 1997. The comet
was dubbed the Great Comet of 1997.
The passage of Hale-Bopp was notable also for inciting a degree of
panic about comets not seen for decades. Rumours that the comet
was being followed by an alien spacecraft gained remarkable
currency, and inspired a mass suicide among followers of the
82
Heaven's Gate cult.
83
SUN
84
Meteoroids
Very small solid fragments that orbit the sun are
called meteoroids.
When meteoroids burn up or vaporize, they leave a
brief visual streak as they pass through Earth’s
atmosphere and are called shooting stars.
85
If a meteor survives its trip through Earth’s
atmosphere and lands on Earth’s surface, it is
called a meteorite.
Some meteors have sufficient mass to create a
depression in Earth’s crust called an impact
crater.
86
Evolution of the Solar System.
Our Solar system started approximately 5 billion
years ago.
At first there was a large dust cloud.
Gravity caused the cloud to condense into one or
more mass concentrations.
The planets, asteroids, and moons with solid
surfaces bear witness to impact events in the
87
form of craters.
Impact events have also been linked to climate
change and mass extinctions.
Gravitational contraction of the planets and larger
moons produced heat.
Heat caused the newly formed planets and moons
to largely melt.
As a result, these bodies became layered into zones
based on the density of their various elements
and compounds.
88
Base your answers to questions 27 and 28 on the
diagram below, which shows an inferred sequence
in which our solar system formed from a giant
interstellar cloud of gas and debris. Stage A
shows the collapse of the gas cloud, stage B
shows its flattening, and stage C shows the
sequence that led to the formation of planets.
89
27) From stage B to stage C, the young Sun was
created
(1) when gravity caused the center of the cloud
to contract
(2) when gravity caused heavy dust particles to
split apart
(3) by outgassing from the spinning interstellar
cloud
90
(4) by outgassing from Earth’s interior
28) After the young Sun formed, the disk
of gas and dust
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
became spherical in shape
formed a central bulge
became larger in diameter
eventually formed into planets
91
DATE
Main Ideas and Supporting Details
92
3.4a) PLANET CHARACTERISTICS
A planet's distance from the sun has a major effect
on its characteristics.
The high temperature and pressure from particles
emitted by the sun drove away less dense
elements and compounds from the inner solar
system.
Differences in the inner and outer solar system
provide characteristics that allow the planets to
be classified into the inner terrestrial planets and
outer Jovian planets.
93
Terrestrial Planet Properties
• close to the sun.
• mostly solid.
• relatively small diameter and high density.
• few moons and no rings.
94
Jovian Planet Properties
• far from the sun.
• largely gaseous.
• large diameters and low densities.
• have many moons and have rings.
95
ESRT p15 Solar System Data
96
29) Which planet is located approximately
ten times farther from the Sun than
Earth is from the Sun?
(1) Mars
(3) Saturn
(2) Jupiter (4) Uranus
97
30) Compared to the terrestrial planets, the
Jovian planets are
(1) smaller and have lower densities
(2) smaller and have greater densities
(3) larger and have lower densities
98
(4) larger and have greater densities
31) Which pair of shaded circles best
represents the relative sizes of Earth and
Venus when drawn to scale?
99
32) Which object in our solar system has
the greatest density?
(1) Jupiter (3) the Moon
100
(2) Earth
(4) the Sun
33) Which event takes the most time?
(1) one revolution of Earth around the Sun
(2) one revolution of Venus around the Sun
(3) one rotation of the Moon on its axis
101
(4) one rotation of Venus on its axis
34) Compared to the Jovian planets in our solar
system, Earth is
(1) less dense and closer to the Sun
(2) less dense and farther from the Sun
(3) more dense and closer to the Sun
102
(4) more dense and farther from the Sun
35) Which object is closest to Earth?
(1) the Sun (3) the Moon
(2) Venus
(4) Mars
103
DATE
Main Ideas and Supporting Details
104
3.4b)
Motions of the Planets.
The planets have many different motions. They…
• move with the solar system around the Milky
Way galaxy.
• rotate or spin around an imaginary axis.
• revolve around the sun in an orbit.
105
Planet Rotation
Planets spin on an imaginary axis in a motion
called rotation.
The period of rotation is the amount of time it takes
to spin around its imaginary axis and determines
the length of a planet’s day.
106
Planet Revolution
A planet’s revolution is its movement around the
sun in a path called an orbit.
Earth’s orbit is an oval shape called an ellipse.
Within the ellipse are two fixed points called foci.
The major axis of an ellipse is the longest straightline distance across an ellipse.
107
Refresher…..An Ellipse
• Has an oval shape.
• Has two foci.
• The sun is located at one of the foci.
• The major axis is the longest straight line
distance across the ellipse (and it goes through
both foci).
diagram;
108
Eccentricity
The degree of flattening or "ovalness" of an
ellipse is measured by its eccentricity.
• see ESRT front page for formula.
• Write the formula for eccentricity;
Leave some room for a diagram
109
E=d/L
L
d
f1
f2
110
111
• as the foci are brought closer together, the ellipse
becomes more like a circle and eccentricity
decreases toward zero.
E~0
E~1
• if the orbits of the planets were drawn to scale,
they would look like circles - but they are not.
112
36) The diagram below represents the
elliptical orbit of a moon revolving around
a planet. The foci of this orbit are the
points labeled F1 and F2.
What is the approximate eccentricity of
this elliptical orbit?
(1) 0.3
(3) 0.7
(2) 0.5
(4) 1.4
E=
d
L
d
L
113
37) The diagram below is a constructed ellipse. F1
and F2 are the foci of the ellipse.
The eccentricity of this constructed ellipse is
closest to the eccentricity of the orbit of which
planet?
(Calculate eccentricity and then compare to planet
data in ESRT)
(1) Mercury
(3) Saturn
(2) Earth
(4) Neptune
d
L
114
115
38) Which bar graph correctly shows the
orbital eccentricity of the planets in our
solar system?
116
39) The diagram below shows the elliptical orbit of
a planet revolving around a star. The star and
F2 are the foci of this ellipse.
What is the approximate eccentricity of this
ellipse?
(1) 0.22 (3) 0.68
(2) 0.47 (4) 1.47
d
L
117
40) Which planet’s orbit around the Sun is
most nearly circular?
(1) Mercury
(3) Pluto
(2) Neptune
(4) Venus
118
DATE
Main Ideas and Supporting Details
119
3.4c
Varying Distance of Planets
from the Sun.
• The elliptical shape of planetary orbits causes the
planets to vary in distance from the sun during a
revolution.
• Earth is closest to the sun on or about January 3
(Winter).
• Earth is farthest away from the sun on or about
120
July 4 (Summer).
Add the Earth, dates and
the seasons.
Winter
Solstice
Fall
Equinox
Sept. 23
Summer
Solstice
sun
June 21
Dec. 21
Spring
Equinox
March 21
121
Inertia, Gravitation, Orbital
Velocity/Speed and Planet Orbits.
122
Inertia
Is the concept that an object at rest will remain at
rest, and that an object in motion will maintain
the direction and speed of that motion unless an
opposing force affects it.
123
Gravitation
Gravitation is the attractive force that exists
between any two objects in the universe.
• The greater the mass of one or both object, the
more gravitational attraction there is between the
objects.
diagram
124
WEIGHT ON EARTH vs. WEIGHT ON MOON
Mass of Earth is Greater
Mass of the Moon is Less
Force of Gravity is Greater
Force of Gravity is Less
Your weight is Greater
Your weight is Less
125
• Also the closer together two objects are,
the greater the gravitational attraction
between them.
diagram
126
Far from Earth
Gravity is weak
“Weightless”
Close to Earth
Force of Gravity is Strong
Have Weight
127
• Since each planet’s orbit has some eccentricity,
its distance from the sun varies during its yearly
revolution.
• When a planet is closer to the sun, its orbital
speed velocity is greatest.
• When a planet is farthest from the sun its orbital
speed is slowest.
diagram;
128
velocity
increasing
Perihelion
Aphelion
sun
minimum velocity
max velocity
velocity
decreasing
129
DATE
Main Ideas and Supporting Details
130
The period of revolution of a planet is the
amount of time it takes the planet to
make one orbit around the sun. (a year)
The period of revolution is related to the
planet’s distance from the sun.
131
The closer a planet is to the sun.. The further a planet is from the sun
the smaller its orbit,
the larger its orbit,
the shorter its period of revolution the longer its period of revolution
and
and
the faster its speed of revolution. the slower its speed of revolution.
A
B
132
41) One factor responsible for the strength
of gravitational attraction between a
planet and the Sun is the
(1) degree of tilt of the planet’s axis
(2) distance between the planet and the Sun
(3) planet’s period of rotation
(4) amount of insolation given off by the
Sun
133
Base your answers to questions 42 through
43 on the diagram in your answer booklet.
The diagram shows the positions of
Halley’s Comet and Asteroid 134340 at
various times in their orbits. Specific
orbital positions are shown for certain
years.
134
42) Determine which was traveling faster,
Halley’s Comet or the asteroid, between
the years 1903 and 1908.
State one reason for your choice.
Halley’s comet was traveling
faster.
Halley’s comet was closer
to the sun.
135
43) Explain why Halley’s Comet is considered
to be part of our solar system.
Halley’s comet is part of
our solar system because it
orbits the sun.
136
44) The diagram below shows a satellite in
four different positions as it revolves
around a planet.
I
I
min
max
D
Which graph best represents the changes in this
satellite’s orbital velocity as it revolves around the
planet?
137
Base your answers to questions 45 through
49 on the two diagrams in your answer
booklet. Diagram I shows the orbits of
the four inner planets. Black dots in
diagram I show the positions in the orbits
where each planet is closest to the Sun.
Diagram II shows the orbits of the six
planets that are farthest from the Sun.
The distance scale in diagram II is
different than the distance scale in
diagram I.
138
45) On diagram I, place the letter W on
Mars’ orbit to represent the position of
Mars where the Sun’s gravitational force
on Mars would be weakest.
W
139
46) On diagram II,
circle the names of the
two largest Jovian
planets.
140
47) How long does it take the planet Uranus
to complete one orbit around the Sun?
Units must be included in your answer.
84.0 years
141
48) Describe how the orbits of each of the
nine planets are similar in shape.
Each of the orbits is an
ellipse (oval, circular)
142
49) Pluto’s orbital speed is usually slower
than Neptune’s orbital speed. Based on
diagram II, explain why Pluto’s orbital
speed is sometimes faster than Neptune’s
orbital speed.
Pluto is sometimes closer to
the sun than Neptune.
143
DATE
Main Ideas and Supporting Details
144