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1.
Define the following terms: humanism, humanities,
patron, perspective, engraving, vernacular, utopian,
indulgences, diet, predestination, theocracy, sect,
canonize, compromise, ghetto
2.
Identify the following individuals and their
contributions to the Renaissance and Reformation:
Petrarch, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael,
Baldassare Castiglione, Noccolo Machiavelli, Johann
Gutenberg, Albrecht Durer, Erasmus, Shakespeare,
Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII, Elizabeth I,
Ignatius of Loyola, and Teresa of Avila
The Renaissance
c.1350-1600
What were the chief concerns of medieval man?
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Medieval Europe
fragmented feudal society
 church-dominated intellectual and cultural life
 agricultural economy
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Early Modern Europe (after the Renaissance)
society dominated by centralized political institutions
 lay patronage of education, arts, and music
 urban, commercial economy
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Characteristics of the Renaissance
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urban society
an age of recovery
increasing regard for the individual human
Increased secular viewpoints
Copy the following questions in your notebook. Think about
each question and respond to it in writing. Be prepared to
answer them in class discussion.
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What term in English expresses the Renaissance ideal of a wellrounded, multi-talented person?
What are the world’s largest trading cities today?
Should political leaders adhere to basic moral principles when
pursuing the state’s affairs or just look out for the state’s interests?
What are the criteria that indicate a person has reached adulthood
today?
The Italian Renaissance (1350-1550)
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Renaissance “rebirth”
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Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860)
Increased power and wealth of Italian city-states such as
Milan, Florence, and Venice (see pp.411-412)
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less decline during the Middle Ages
The Crusades?
Italy was a transfer point between East and West
manufacturing in the Italian city-states
banking
growth of political power of the city-states
lay patronage of education, art, and music
What was the intellectual movement known as humanism?
Humanism
 characterized by secularism and individualism
 based on the classics, the literary works of ancient
Greece and Rome
 Petrarch- 15th century (Father of Italian Renaissance
Humanism)
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
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“Father of Humanism”
referred to the medieval period as the “Dark Ages”
collected and analyzed ancient texts
greatly inspired by the Roman statesman
Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 B.C-43 A.D.)
 wrote in classical Latin and the Italian vernacular
Humanist Education
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Humanists of the Renaissance believed that education
could affect positive change in human beings.
Emphasized liberal studies- history, moral philosophy,
rhetoric, grammar and logic, mathematics, poetry, and
astronomy, and music
The curriculum was intended to develop individuals to
their full potential and help them to attain virtue and
wisdom.
Physical education was also stressed.
Its ultimate aim was to create complete, well-rounded
citizens.
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
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Florence, Italy (1400- 1550)
Renaissance artists endeavored to imitate nature in their
works.
A new perspective- human beings were the “center and
measure” of all things.
The use of perspective, lighting, and space to create
realism
Medieval Art
Medieval or Renaissance?
Leonardo da Vinci
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Renaissance man
(polymath or polyhistor)
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Leonardo da Vinci
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What term in English expresses
the Renaissance ideal of a wellrounded, multi-talented person?
Inventions
Sketches
Da Vinci’s Famous Paintings
The Last Supper
Mona Lisa
Virgin of the Rocks
Leonardo and the Renaissance (1:56)
Michelangelo
Pieta
David
Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo
Michelangelo and the Renaissance (3.30)
School of Athens, Raphael
Niccolò Machiavelli
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The Prince, 1513
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Should political leaders
adhere to basic moral
principles when pursuing the
state’s affairs or just look out
for the state’s interests?
“Everyone realizes how praiseworthy it is for a prince
to honor his word and to be straightforward rather
than crafty in his dealings; nonetheless experience
shows that princes who have achieved great things
have been those who have given their word lightly,
who have known how to trick men with their cunning,
and who, in the end have overcome those abiding by
honest principles….”
Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, 1513
Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529)
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The Book of the Courtier (1528)
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Rejected crude habits and
promoted standard behavior for
noble gentlemen
Described the ideal “Renaissance
Man”
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The Northern Artistic Renaissance
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Belgium, Luxembourg, and
the Netherlands
A different approach to art
than the Italians- the
northern painters became
masters of detail. Initially,
however, the northern
painters did not study the
laws of perspective.
The artistic center of
northern Europe was in
Flanders
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The German artist
Albrecht Dürer (14711528) incorporated the
laws of perspective in his
paintings while still
maintaining the northern
emphasis on detail.
Jan van Eyck (13851441)- perfected and
popularized oil painting
Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513)
*copper engraving
Jan van Eyck, The Arnolfini Portrait
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
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Christian humanist
master of Greek and Latin
produced the first Greek
printed edition of the New
Testament in 1516
used humor and satire in
his writings to bring
attention to abuses in the
Church
“Erasmus laid the egg that
Luther hatched.”
Please answer the following study questions in your notebook.
Refer to Chapter 13 in your textbook.
1.
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13.
Who was Sir Thomas More and what ultimately happened to him?
What was the first book printed using moveable type printing?
How did the Renaissance open the door to the Protestant Reformation?
Who was John Wycliffe? John Huss?
Who was Martin Luther? What significant movement did he initiate in
sixteenth-century Europe?
Who was Johann Tetzel?
What church practice bothered Luther the most?
In 1521, how did Pope Leo X respond to Martin Luther’s questioning of
church doctrine?
What was the Edict of Worms? What happened?
What technological development contributed to the spread of Luther’s ideas?
What was the Peace of Augsburg?
What are religious groups that have broken away from an established church?
In 1516, Jew’s were required to occupy a separate quarter of Venice. What
was the area to which they were confined called?
The Renaissance (11.00)
The Protestant
Reformation
What was the Reformation?
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Religion in the year 1500 in Western Europe
Church was an ever-present aspect in the lives
of all Christians
sacraments
 tithe
 holidays, church bells, etc.
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What were many Christians beginning to question?
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the effects of war, disease, and famine
questions concerning the afterlife were of great
concern to many
Although the ordinary people tried to live religious
lives, the clergy often did not.
corruption
 insincerity
 disregard for Church law
 political engagements of the popes
 lavish living while peasants starved
 fathering of children (with vow of celibacy)
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Earlier reform attempts:
 Dominic (13th century) preached against heresy
Believed that many of the incorrect beliefs came
from misinformed priests
 Dominic devoted himself to training priests
(Dominicans)
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Heresy and the Inquisition- 13th century
John Wycliffe and John Huss
Other challenges to the Church:
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*Most Europeans were still loyal to the Church,
but there was a growing number of critics.
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
 Christian humanism- the belief that human being
can use reason to improve themselves
 Erasmus advocated reform within the Church, not
separation
 The Praise of Folly (1509)
 Why reform?
 Perceived corruption in the Church
Martin Luther
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
 Luther was born a peasant, but his father secured his way
to study at the university (completed his Bachelors and
Masters)
 In 1505, Luther was caught in a lightening storm and
vowed to become a monk if he survived. He joined the
order of Augustine monks
 Received his doctorate in theology and taught at the
University of Wittenberg
 In 1517, angered by indulgences (Johann Tetzel), he posted
his Ninety-five Theses
 Disputation at Leipzig (1519)
 Diet of Worms (1521)
 Luther protected by Frederick the Wise of Saxony
 Translated the Bible from Latin and Greek into the
German vernacular
 The Peace of Augsburg (1555)
The Reformation (30.00)