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THE MIDDLE AGES What events of the Middle Ages affected the development of the Renaissance 100 Years War Black Plague the Decline of the church Frankish King 46 yr reign, warrior King loved to fight. Over 50 campaigns Dominated Europe Revived government and education Not religious until 800 Pope asks for help crowns him Holy Roman Emperor (HRE) Christian King Ruling Christian people Huge kingdom need strong government AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN LORDS AND VASSALS - VASSAL GET LAND (FIEF) - MUST TAKE OATH OF LOYALTY - PROMISE OF MILITARY AID -PAY HOMAGE - SERFS/PEASANTS TAKE OATH TO SERVE VASSAL SET UP MANOR -USED AS MILITARY, FARMERS -ALL JOBS AS WELL -SERFS OATH WAS TO VASSAL -PAYS HOMAGE TO VASSAL -VASSAL USES IT TO PAY HOMAGE TO LORD WHO PAYS KING - Mont St. Michel Church, Castle, Prison 1054 SCHISM ALEXIS I ASKS POPE URBAN II FOR HELP LAUNCH 1095 WIN JERUSALEM IN 1099 4 TOTAL CRUSADES NONE MORE SUCCESSFUL THAN THE FIRST Disease spread by rats Proximity made it spread faster Comes from the East Killed within days Devastating effects on population 34% of population of Europe dies First appears in 1347 in Italy Throughout Europe by 1353 French power and development Lasted off and on for 117 years Battled for control of France Established French control of mainland Europe and removed British control Peasant girl who leads France to several victories Betrayed by Charles VII given over to British Put on trial Put to death for heresy Rallied French forces to victory Helps develop nationalism King John rules after Norman conquest of England Cruel and greedy King. Fought many battles and lost Magna Carta Forced nobles to pay high taxes King gives nobles certain rights. Killed those who did not Monarch must obey the law Angry nobles force John to sign Magna Carta Protect the legal rights of people King John trial by jury no unjust prison speedy trial can’t raise taxes without permission of nobles Ancient greek way of learning that was Used in Medieval Europe, school of thought that used logic and reason to support Christian beliefs. 7 sacraments helps church control Baptism people Confirmation Eucharist -All people involved Penance and Reconciliation Anointing of the Sick -Covers every aspect of life. Holy Orders Matrimony LAY (COMMON PERSON NOT PART OF A GROUP) INVESTITURE ( Invest or present people with certain Power) Clerical power in this instance Battle between Pope Gregory and Holy Roman Emporer Henry IV Only the Pope could appoint and install bishops into office Henry IV Bishops as royal Lords and under his control Common law vs. Cannon law Henry II vs Innocent III UNAM SACTUM Philip IV France vs. Boniface VIII Philip wanted Church to pay taxes to help support war with England Boniface say NO Going against pope is going against God Philip marches Captures and releases Boniface Power begins to shift -Church moves from Rome to Avignon in France for safety -1305 -1378 all popes French -Controlled by French Monarchs -Pope Gregory XI returns Pope to Rome 1378 – Dies- Romans force election of Roman Pope -Church splits 1378-1417 -1 pope in Rome Urban VI -1 pope in Avignon Clement VII -Hus (GR) -Wycliffe (ENG) join the fray -Rejects authority of papacy and excess church 1409 Council of Pisa elects new pope Alexander V (3 Popes) 1414-1418 Council of Constance elects new pope (burns Hus at the stake) DO NOW TO WHAT EXTENT IS THE TERM “RENAISSANCE” A VALID CONCEPT FOR A DISTINICT PERIOD IN EARLY MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY. What are you answering? How do you prove your point? DO NOW Take sheet of paper and write a thesis for the question on it. Please be sure to not re-write the question and list you 3 points of proof. A Rebirth of what?? The Greeks and Romans Ancient Culture THE RENAISSANCE COULD BE CONSIDERED A BRIDGE: The Middle Ages The Modern World “By celebrating the beauty of nature and the dignity of mankind, Renaissance artists and scholars helped shape the intellectual and cultural history of the modern world.” WHAT IS THE RENAISSANCE?? -A 300 year period in Western Europe that marked the revival of art, literature and learning. - a transition period between medieval and modern Europe. -A time of creativity and change in the areas ex. Politics, culture,society and economics. -A spiritual reawakening - A renewed interest in the classical learning of the past. Medieval Europe had been a fragmented feudal society with an agricultural economy Its thought and culture dominated by the church Renaissance Europe, especially after the 14th century was characterized by growing national consciousness, Individualism and political centralization An urban economy based on organized commerce and capitalism With ever greater lay and secular control of thought culture and religion. WHY ITALY?? -Center of Ancient Roman History. -Italian cities survived the Middle Ages and the Plague -Milan, Florence, Genoa, and Venice in the north Rome in the center and Naples in the south all make an impact. -Centers of trade -Powerful merchant class evolves and promotes a cultural rebirth. Nations as we know them today did not exist City States What is a City State? What are the advantages? Disadvantages? 1. Executive Bodies – dominated by the most powerful families 2. Legislative or advisory councils 3. Special Commission 2% - 12% (depending of the city) of the male population in these city-states actually had the right to vote. Examples: Venice, Siena, Lucca and Florence (until the Medici family) Signori – run by a single family. Example: Milan was ruled the Sforza family What does this seem like that exists in today’s society? Example: Venice – its constitution had a balance of political interests The doge – an official elected for life by the Senate – executive authority (like a monarch) The Great Council – 2,500 patricians – elected a Senate which represented nobility - No one represented the peasants who were ½ the population Pope – the spiritual prince He was elected for life by cardinals Ran just like any other city-state There was a declining role of the papacy over the city-states after the Babylonian Captivity Niccolo Machiavelli Political theorist The ends Justify the means It is better to be feared than loved Why was it so necessary in this type of political environment to have a strong military? Development of banking – How does this help to stimulate the economy? Florence’s currency the gold florin became the standard currency in European trade. Positives? They were able to provide credit to purchasers – stimulating trade. International Trade Negatives? Risky – the King of England had forced Florentine merchants to loan him money – he defaulted when he failed during an invasion of France in the 100 years’ War – many bankers went into bankruptcy. POPULO GROSSO: “fat people” – 5% of the population – elite/nobles, wealthy merchants, and manufacturers. MEDIOCI: middle – smaller merchants and master artisans. POPULO MINUTO: “little people” – bulk of the urban population. There was some social mobility – Why? What were the social classes based on? Center of the Southern Renaissance Why? Why did it become the center of the Renaissance? 1. The Arno Rivier – which flowed through the port of Pisa, helped trade and commerce (Florence conquered Pisa) 2. Medici Family – encouraged a cultural movement 3. City honored accomplishments of citizens 4. Education – many schools(civic as well as private) – university – highest literacy rate in Europe Wealthy Banking Family – provided stability Bank of the Pope _ John XXIII Banished rival clans Manipulated electoral process Cosimo’s Grandson – survived an assassination attempt – hours later enemies of the family were hanging upside down from a government building – including the archbishop of Pisa Botticelli was commissioned to paint them as they swung. Gutenberg – development of Printing Diffusion of a variety of Histories Treatises Biographies Autobiographies and poems LIBRARIES Scholasticism Humanism The study of law, medicine and theology To The study of grammar, rhetoric, and metaphysics -An intellectual movement, study of classic culture of Greece and Rome. -focus on worldly subjects rather than religious issues. -Use wisdom of ancients to increase the understanding of their own times -Education should stimulate a person creativity -Humanist do not accept texts without question but, studied them in light of their own experiences. Leonardo Da Vinci Petrarch – Tuscan poet – copied ancient works from manuscripts Discovered texts no one new about Inspired successors to find and copy other classical manuscripts