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European Renaissance and Reformation Objectives Explain the social, economic, and political changes that contributed to the rise of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli. Identify artistic and scientific achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, the “Renaissance man,” and Michelangelo. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bP0WWUyUCAQ Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Italy’s advantages Educated people of Italy hoped to bring back to life the culture of Greece and Rome. This led to new values Example – importance of the individual. Three advantages: Thriving city-states Wealthy merchant class Classical heritage of Greece and Rome. Classical and Worldly Values Humanism. Emphasizes the dignity and worth of the individual. Church leaders beautified Rome and other cities. Merchants and wealthy families would have their portraits painted or donate art to the city to place in public squares. Values Renaissance Man – charming, witty, and well educated in the classics. He should dance, sing, play music, and write poetry. Renaissance Woman – know the classics and be charming. Expected to inspire art but not create art. Little influence in politics. 1. Realism & Expression Expulsion from the Garden Masaccio 1427 First nudes since classical times. 2. Perspective The Trinity Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Masaccio 1427 Perspective! First use of linear perspective! What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become. 3. Classicism Greco-Roman influence. Secularism. Humanism. Individualism free standing figures. Symmetry/Balance The “Classical Pose” Medici “Venus” (1c) 4. Empasis on Individualism Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466. Important Renaissance People: Wealthy Merchants The Medici Family Prominent banking family Cosimo Merchant and political ruler over Florence Humanist Lasting impacts are his large library and his patronage of the artists Lorenzo Ruler over Florence Tyrant and hedonist Also a patron of the arts Botticelli Michelangelo Important Renaissance People: Writers Francesco Petrarch – father of Renaissance humanism. Great poet. Wrote in Italian and Latin. Important Renaissance People: Writers Dante Alighieri Spiritual vision and many intellectual accomplishments. Divine Comedy Allegorical narrative. Poet’s imaginary journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven. Important Renaissance People: Writers Machiavelli The Prince (1513) Political guidebook for rulers Also, examined the imperfect conduct of people Most people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLznZcw-_Zo Born May 3, 1469 in Florence, Italy, Machiavelli was a political philosopher during the Renaissance, and is most famous for his political treatise, The Prince (1513), It has become a cornerstone of modern political philosophy. “No enterprise is more likely to succeed than one concealed from the enemy until it is ripe for execution.” —Machiavelli from The Art of War DO YOU AGREE or DISAGREE? “Being a good ruler means sometimes doing the unpopular in order to achieve what is best for one’s people in the long run.” “A shrewd politician knows he may have to sometimes employ devious methods if he is to stay in power.” “The End justifies the Means.” “At any given time a ruler may be faced with sending men to their deaths in battle. He must be willing to sacrifice those few in order to save the many.” “Rulers can not be expected to live under the same “morality” as the masses they rule. They must at times choose corrupt, distasteful, even evil means in order to achieve a final good for their people.” “It is better that a Ruler should be feared by his people than loved by them.” ~ Machiavelli Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian statesman and writer and is considered one of the most significant political thinkers of the Renaissance. His best-known work, The Prince, describes cunning and unscrupulous methods for rulers to gain and keep power. A.) The Prince (1532; trans. 1640) - describes the method by which a prince can acquire and maintain political power. B.) It is believed he was defending the tyranny of such cruel rulers of his day as Cesare Borgia. C.) He believed that a ruler is not bound by traditional ethical norms like the people the ruler’s rules should be. D.) a prince should be concerned only with power and be bound only by rules that would lead to success in political actions. “The End justifies the Means.” “Better to be feared than loved.” E.) believed that these rules could be discovered by deduction from the political practices of the time, as well as from those of earlier periods. Today we still use the phrase machiavellian to refer to someone who pursues an action that, though may not be viewed as morally right, he believes will be politically effective. Can you think of examples in American or World History / Politics of leaders whose decisions might be considered machiavellian ? How Machiavellian Are You? Statements 1. Most people are honest. 2. Most people think first of their pocket-books and later about right and wrong. 3. To get someone to like you, tell that person what he/she wants to hear. 4. The best way to earn someone's respect is to be kind and honest. 5. The best way to earn someone's loyalty is show him or her your power. 6. There are no absolute rights and wrongs. "Right" is what works. 7. A good president reads the polls to find out what people want and makes those things his policies. 8. Most people are extremely selfish. 9. A promise is a sacred trust. 10. Nice guys finish last. Agree Undecided Disagree How Machiavellian Are You? Statements Agree Undecided Disagree 1. Most people are honest. 1 3 5 2. Most people think first of their pocket-books and later about right and wrong. 5 3 1 3. To get someone to like you, tell that person what he/she wants to hear. 5 3 1 4. The best way to earn someone's respect is to be kind and honest. 1 3 5 5. The best way to earn someone's loyalty is show him or her your power. 5 3 1 6. There are no absolute rights and wrongs. "Right" is what works. 5 3 1 7. A good president reads the polls to find out what people want and makes those things his policies. 5 3 1 8. Most people are extremely selfish. 5 3 1 9. A promise is a sacred trust. 1 3 5 10. Nice guys finish last. 5 3 1 Your Machiavellian Score 10-23 Type A: You are not all Machiavellian. Some would say you are an idealist and an optimist about human nature. You have strong ideas about right and wrong. 24-36 Type B: Your are more cautious about trusting human nature and less idealistic than those above. You know that selfishness can sometimes get in the way of lofty ideals. Your Machiavellian Score 37-50 Type C: You are extremely Machiavellian. Practical to the point of being a hard-headed cynic, not very trusting about human nature, and ready to deal with what is, rather than what ought to be. Important Renaissance People: Writers Desiderius Erasmus Dutch humanist Published his annotated New Testament Represented common sense applied to human affairs Exposed the abuses of the Church Helped advance the Revival of Learning Important Renaissance People: Writers Thomas More English Christian humanist Wrote Utopia Imaginary land where there is NOT greed, corruption, or war Utopia today continues to mean “an ideal place” Important Renaissance People: Writers William Shakespeare English writer during the Elizabethan age Wrote plays where were performed at the famous Globe Theatre Used the classics to draw inspiration for his plots Demonstrated a deep understanding of people and their flaws Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and The Taming of the Shrew. Printing Press Johann Gutenberg Improved printing Incorporated a screwtype press, movable type, paper, and ink Books produced faster and cheaper Printed the Bible (Gutenberg Bible) Important Renaissance People: Artists Giotto di Bondone Florentine painter and architect Known for this depiction of the human form and solidity of 3-dimensional forms Most famous works are his frescoes in the Arena Chapel Depict the Life and Passion of Christ Taught Raphael and Michelangelo The Arena Chapel Frescoes Adoration of the Magi Important Renaissance People: Artists Masaccio Italian artist Father of “perspective” which is?? Use of vanishing point Humanist Masaccio’s Tribute Money Important Renaissance People: Artists Raphael Studied the works of Michelangelo and Leonardo. One of his favorite subjects was the Madonna and child. Famous for his use of perspective. School of Athens Painted famous figures such as Michelangelo, Leonardo, and himself as classical philosophers and their students. School of Athens http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athens Important Renaissance People: Artists Donatello Italian artist Famous for sculpture of David in Florence Known for his working with perspective and his method of scuplture Important Renaissance People: Artists Leonardo da Vinci Painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist. Mona Lisa The Last Supper The Last Supper Important Renaissance People: Artists Michelangelo Italian painter and sculptor Most famous work – The Sistine Chapel His impact: His paintings were all equally proportioned Excellent use of perspective David Creation of Adam Important Renaissance People: Artists Filippo Brunelleschi Father of Renaissance architecture Formulated techniques for lifting construction materials and creating selfsupporting domes Built the Cathedral of Florence (Duomo) Important Renaissance People: Artists Lorenzo Ghiberti Italian artist, sculptor, and metal worker Created the bronze doors on Baptistery Lost-wax casting Important Renaissance People: Artists Albert Durer German artist Painted many portraits Traveled to Italy and fused the Gothic traditions of the North with the color of the Italians “Hands” Important Renaissance People: Artists Jan van Eyck Flemish painter Developed techniques for the new oil-based paints still used today Able to create a variety of subtle colors Important Renaissance People: Artists El Greco Spanish painter Painted many religious works, portraits, and landscapes Paintings contained vibrant colors, unusual perspectives, and strangely contorted figures El Greco Important Renaissance People Cervantes Spanish writer Wrote Don Quixote considered to be the first modern novel Legacy of the Renaissance Changes in Art Techniques and styles from classical Greece and Rome Portrayed individuals and nature more realistically Created works that were secular as well as religious works Writers used vernacular language Praised individual achievement Legacy of the Renaissance Changes in Society Printing made information more available and inexpensive More books increased a desire for learning and a rise in literacy Christian humanists’ attempts to reform society changed views on how lives should be lived People began to question political structures and religious practices Objectives Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation; include the ideas of Martin Luther. Describe the English Reformation and the role of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. Reformation Causes of Reformation Social Renaissance values led people to question the Church. Printing press. Political Powerful monarchs challenged the Church. Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged authority. Economic Jealous of Church’s wealth. Merchants resented having to pay taxes to the Church. Religious Church leaders became corrupt. Sale of indulgences https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=un2qxIlqLP8&list=PLuR75fCOsUQeOosGe9qtff5noJxQUrN_S Martin Luther Took action against Friar Tetzel. Wrote the 95 Theses and nailed to church door Teachings rested on three main ideas: People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness. All church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. All people with faith were equal. Martin Luther ("Manic Monday" by the Bangles) - YouTube The Pope Leo X Response Luther viewed as a threat Threatens excommunication Luther throws papal decree in to the fire before cheering students Diet of Worms Emperor Charles V summons Luther to a trial Luther refuses to recant Luther declared an outlaw, a heretic A Safe Haven Prince Frederick of Saxony offers shelter Disobeys the Emperor After things settle down, Luther returns to Wittenberg Finds many followers, now called Lutherans Protestant Reformation in Germany Peasants revolt German peasants revolt Oppose serfdom. Luther opposed revolt. Princes’ armies killed 100,000 people. Many peasants rejected Luther’s religious leadership. Germany at War Northern German princes supported Lutheranism. 1529, emergence of Protestantism, any Christian who did not belong to the Catholic Church. Charles V went to war against Protestant princes. 1547 failed to force them back to Catholicism. 1555 signed Peace of Augsburg. Henry VIII: A Devout Catholic Writes attack on Martin Luther Pope calls him “Defender of the Faith” Henry VIII Problem Duties of a king – protect your subjects, rule the land and produce a male heir Queen Catherine of Aragon has only given him a daughter Mary The Solution Ask the Pope for a divorce/annulmen Pope refuses Doesn’t want to offend Catherine’s nephew Charles V On To Plan B 1529 Henry calls Parliament Law passed ending the Catholic Church’s power in England Called the Reformation Parliament Act of Supremacy names Henry as head of Church of England A New Wife 1533 marries Anne Boleyn Thomas More, king’s loyal advisor, protests Arrested, accused of treason and beheaded Meanwhile, Anne gives birth to a daughter, Elizabeth Goodbye, Anne Frustrated Henry has Anne arrested Accused of infidelity Paid accusers Falsely accused confess and all executed Jane Seymour Dies in childbirth but the boy lives Edward The Rest of the Story Henry takes over church property in England Edward VI reigns on his death 1547 – 1553 Mary, Bloody Mary, 1553-1558 From his marriages, Henry had 3 children who lived: Mary, Elizabeth and Edward. HORRIBLE HISTORIES - The Wives of Henry VIII (Terrible Tudors) YouTube England becomes Protestant Consequences of Henry’s changes Edward VI Too young when he took the throne Guided by Protestant advisers Reigned for six years England becomes Protestant Mary Catholic Returned English Church to the rule of the pope Protestants were executed England becomes Protestant Elizabeth Restores Protestantism 1559, set up the Church of England, or Anglican Church English Reformation Strengthened Elizabeth 1558 – 1603 Allows Protestantism and Catholicism Sermons in English Mary Queen of Scots Philip II and the Spanish Armada Objectives Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation; include the ideas of John Calvin. Describe the Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation) at the Council of Trent and the role of the Jesuits. Calvinism Religious reform began in Switzerland. John Calvin (French follower of Luther) Published Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536. Predestination Calvinism Spreads John Knox Scottish preacher who admired Geneva Put Calvin’s ideas to work Followers of Knox became known as Presbyterians Huguenots Calvin’s followers in France Hatred between Catholics and Huguenots led to violence Estimated as many as 12,000 Huguenots were killed. Other Protestant Reforms Anabaptists Rebaptized Taught that Church and state should be separate Refused to fight in wars Both Catholics and Protestants persecuted them Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation) Movement to help Catholics remain loyal within the Catholic Church Important leaders Ignatius of Loyola Founded new religious orders Pope Paul III Took action to reform and renew the Church within Ignatius Wrote Spiritual Exercises in 1522 Jesuits Focused on three activities: (1) schooling (2) mission to convert non-Christians to Catholicism (3) stop the spread of Protestantism Pope Paul III Took four important steps (1) Directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses in the Church (2) Approved the Jesuit order (3) Used the Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal authority (4) Called a council of church leaders to meet in Trent Pope Paul III Council of Trent Agreed on several doctrines: Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final Christians needed faith and good works of salvation Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life Indulgences were valid expressions of faith, but false selling of indulgences were banned. Differences among the faiths…Salvation Catholics Lutherans Calvinists/Presbyterians Anabaptists Differences among the faiths…Salvation Catholics Faith and good works Lutherans Faith alone Calvinists/Presbyterians It’s already been determined (predestination) Anabaptists At a certain age you choose to be saved (baptism) Legacy of Reformation Ended Christian unity in Europe http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Reformati on.gif Europe was left culturally divided Religious and social effects Protestant churches flourished Roman Catholic Church became more unified Both Catholics and Protestants gave more emphasis to role of education Political effects Individual monarchs and states gained power Laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment. Differences among the faiths… Catholics – faith and good works Lutherans – faith alone Calvinists/Presbyterians – it’s already been determined (predestination) Anabaptists – at a certain age you choose to be saved (baptism) Try and answer the following questions… 1. What were the major reasons for the Reformation movement? 2. Who posted the 95 Theses, ultimately starting the Reformation movement? 3. Who declared himself head of the church in England? 4. What were the followers of John Knox known as? 5. What religious group supported the idea of predestination? Try and answer the following questions… 1. Members of a religious order for the followers of Ignatius of Loyola were called what? 2. What was agreed upon at the Council of Trent? 3. What was the legacy of the Reformation? 4. What was the Renaissance a rebirth of? 5. What is a major characteristic of humanism? Try and answer the following questions… 1. What were the major reasons for the Reformation movement? Corruption in church, spread of ideas due to printing press, jealous of church’s wealth, and people resented paying taxes 2. Who posted the 95 Theses, ultimately starting the Reformation movement? Martin Luther 3. Who declared himself head of the church in England? Henry VIII 4. What were the followers of John Knox known as what? Presbyterians 5. What religious group supported the idea of predestination? Calvinists Try and answer the following questions… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Members of a religious order for the followers of Ignatius of Loyola were called what? Jesuits What was agreed upon at the Council of Trent? Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final; Christians needed faith and good works; Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful; Indulgences were valid expressions of faith What was the legacy of the Reformation? Europe was left culturally divided; new churches flourished; Catholic Church was stronger than ever; laid the foundation for the Enlightenment What was the Renaissance a rebirth of? Art and learning. What is a major characteristic of humanism? Individualism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3m6iSe_xsPM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=un2qxIlqLP8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdE7LyxdTAg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h025a8GFlyI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4piapxaT0k