Download Important Renaissance People: Artists

European
Renaissance and
Reformation
Objectives
 Explain the social, economic, and
political changes that contributed to the
rise of Florence and the ideas of
Machiavelli.
 Identify artistic and scientific
achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, the
“Renaissance man,” and Michelangelo.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bP0WWUyUCAQ
Italy: Birthplace of the
Renaissance
 Italy’s advantages
 Educated people of Italy hoped to bring back
to life the culture of Greece and Rome.
 This led to new values
 Example – importance of the individual.
 Three advantages:
 Thriving city-states
 Wealthy merchant class
 Classical heritage of Greece and Rome.
Classical and Worldly
Values
 Humanism.
 Emphasizes the dignity and worth of the
individual.
 Church leaders beautified Rome and
other cities.
 Merchants and wealthy families would
have their portraits painted or donate art
to the city to place in public squares.
Values
 Renaissance Man – charming, witty, and
well educated in the classics.
 He should dance, sing, play music, and write
poetry.
 Renaissance Woman – know the classics
and be charming.
 Expected to inspire art but not create art.
 Little influence in politics.
1. Realism & Expression
 Expulsion from
the Garden
 Masaccio
 1427
 First nudes since
classical times.
2. Perspective
The Trinity
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Masaccio
1427
Perspective!
First use
of linear
perspective!
What you are,
I once was;
what I am,
you will
become.
3. Classicism
Greco-Roman
influence.
Secularism.
Humanism.
Individualism  free
standing figures.
Symmetry/Balance
The “Classical Pose”
Medici “Venus” (1c)
4. Empasis on Individualism
 Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The
Duke & Dutchess of Urbino
 Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.
Important Renaissance
People: Wealthy Merchants
 The Medici Family
 Prominent banking family
 Cosimo
 Merchant and political ruler over Florence
 Humanist
 Lasting impacts are his large library and his patronage of the
artists
 Lorenzo
 Ruler over Florence
 Tyrant and hedonist
 Also a patron of the arts
 Botticelli
 Michelangelo
Important Renaissance
People: Writers
 Francesco Petrarch – father of
Renaissance humanism.
 Great poet.
 Wrote in Italian and Latin.
Important Renaissance
People: Writers
 Dante Alighieri
 Spiritual vision and many intellectual
accomplishments.
 Divine Comedy
 Allegorical narrative.
 Poet’s imaginary journey through hell, purgatory,
and heaven.
Important Renaissance
People: Writers
 Machiavelli
 The Prince (1513)
 Political guidebook for rulers
 Also, examined the imperfect conduct of people
 Most people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLznZcw-_Zo
Born May 3, 1469 in Florence, Italy, Machiavelli was a political philosopher during the
Renaissance, and is most famous for his political treatise,
The Prince (1513),
It has become a cornerstone of modern
political philosophy.
“No enterprise is more likely to succeed
than one concealed from the enemy
until it is ripe for execution.”
—Machiavelli from The Art of War
DO YOU AGREE or DISAGREE?
“Being a good ruler means sometimes doing the unpopular in order to achieve
what is best for one’s people in the long run.”
“A shrewd politician knows he may have to sometimes employ
devious methods if he is to stay in power.”
“The End justifies the Means.”
“At any given time a ruler may be faced with sending men to their deaths in
battle. He must be willing to sacrifice those few in order to save the many.”
“Rulers can not be expected to live under the same “morality” as the masses they
rule. They must at times choose corrupt, distasteful, even evil means in order to
achieve a final good for their people.”
“It is better that a Ruler should be feared by his people than loved
by them.”
~ Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian statesman and writer
and is considered one of the most significant political
thinkers of the Renaissance. His best-known work, The
Prince, describes cunning and unscrupulous methods for
rulers to gain and keep power.
A.) The Prince (1532; trans. 1640) - describes the method by which a
prince can acquire and maintain political power.
B.) It is believed he was defending the tyranny of such cruel rulers of
his day as Cesare Borgia.
C.) He believed that a ruler is not bound by traditional ethical norms
like the people the ruler’s rules should be.
D.) a prince should be concerned only with power and be bound only
by rules that would lead to success in political actions.
“The End justifies the Means.” “Better to be feared than loved.”
E.) believed that these rules could be discovered by deduction from the
political practices of the time, as well as from those of earlier periods.
Today we still use the phrase machiavellian
to refer to someone who
pursues an action that,
though may not be viewed as morally right,
he believes will be politically effective.
Can you think of
examples in
American or World History
/ Politics
of leaders whose decisions
might be considered
machiavellian ?
How Machiavellian Are You?
Statements
1. Most people are honest.
2. Most people think first of their
pocket-books and later about right and
wrong.
3. To get someone to like you, tell that
person what he/she wants to hear.
4. The best way to earn someone's
respect is to be kind and honest.
5. The best way to earn someone's
loyalty is show him or her your power.
6. There are no absolute rights and
wrongs. "Right" is what works.
7. A good president reads the polls to
find out what people want and makes
those things his policies.
8. Most people are extremely selfish.
9. A promise is a sacred trust.
10. Nice guys finish last.
Agree
Undecided
Disagree
How Machiavellian Are You?
Statements
Agree
Undecided
Disagree
1. Most people are honest.
1
3
5
2. Most people think first of their
pocket-books and later about right and
wrong.
5
3
1
3. To get someone to like you, tell that
person what he/she wants to hear.
5
3
1
4. The best way to earn someone's
respect is to be kind and honest.
1
3
5
5. The best way to earn someone's
loyalty is show him or her your power.
5
3
1
6. There are no absolute rights and
wrongs. "Right" is what works.
5
3
1
7. A good president reads the polls to
find out what people want and makes
those things his policies.
5
3
1
8. Most people are extremely selfish.
5
3
1
9. A promise is a sacred trust.
1
3
5
10. Nice guys finish last.
5
3
1
Your Machiavellian Score
 10-23 Type A: You are not all Machiavellian.
Some would say you are an idealist and an
optimist about human nature. You have
strong ideas about right and wrong.
 24-36 Type B: Your are more cautious
about trusting human nature and less
idealistic than those above. You know that
selfishness can sometimes get in the way of
lofty ideals.
Your Machiavellian Score
 37-50 Type C: You are extremely
Machiavellian. Practical to the point of
being a hard-headed cynic, not very trusting
about human nature, and ready to deal with
what is, rather than what ought to be.
Important Renaissance
People: Writers
 Desiderius Erasmus
 Dutch humanist
 Published his annotated New Testament
 Represented common sense applied to
human affairs
 Exposed the abuses of the Church
 Helped advance the Revival of Learning
Important Renaissance
People: Writers
 Thomas More
 English Christian humanist
 Wrote Utopia
 Imaginary land where there is NOT greed,
corruption, or war
 Utopia today continues to mean “an ideal
place”
Important Renaissance
People: Writers
 William Shakespeare
 English writer during the Elizabethan age
 Wrote plays where were performed at the famous
Globe Theatre
 Used the classics to draw inspiration for his plots
 Demonstrated a deep understanding of people and
their flaws
 Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, King
Lear, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and The Taming
of the Shrew.
Printing Press
 Johann Gutenberg
 Improved printing
 Incorporated a screwtype press, movable
type, paper, and ink
 Books produced
faster and cheaper
 Printed the Bible
(Gutenberg Bible)
Important Renaissance
People: Artists
 Giotto di Bondone
 Florentine painter and architect
 Known for this depiction of the human form
and solidity of 3-dimensional forms
 Most famous works are his frescoes in the
Arena Chapel
 Depict the Life and Passion of Christ
 Taught Raphael and Michelangelo
The Arena Chapel
Frescoes
Adoration of the Magi
Important Renaissance
People: Artists
 Masaccio
 Italian artist
 Father of
“perspective” which
is??
 Use of vanishing point
 Humanist
Masaccio’s Tribute Money
Important Renaissance
People: Artists
 Raphael
 Studied the works of Michelangelo and Leonardo.
 One of his favorite subjects was the Madonna and
child.
 Famous for his use of perspective.
 School of Athens
 Painted famous figures such as Michelangelo, Leonardo,
and himself as classical philosophers and their students.
School of Athens
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athens
Important Renaissance
People: Artists
 Donatello
 Italian artist
 Famous for sculpture
of David in Florence
 Known for his working
with perspective and
his method of
scuplture
Important Renaissance
People: Artists
 Leonardo da Vinci
 Painter, sculptor,
inventor, and
scientist.
 Mona Lisa
 The Last Supper
The Last Supper
Important Renaissance
People: Artists
 Michelangelo
 Italian painter and sculptor
 Most famous work – The Sistine Chapel
 His impact:
 His paintings were all equally proportioned
 Excellent use of perspective
David
Creation of Adam
Important Renaissance
People: Artists
 Filippo Brunelleschi
 Father of Renaissance architecture
 Formulated techniques for lifting
construction materials and creating selfsupporting domes
 Built the Cathedral of Florence (Duomo)
Important Renaissance
People: Artists
 Lorenzo Ghiberti
 Italian artist, sculptor,
and metal worker
 Created the bronze
doors on Baptistery
 Lost-wax casting
Important Renaissance
People: Artists
 Albert Durer
 German artist
 Painted many
portraits
 Traveled to Italy and
fused the Gothic
traditions of the North
with the color of the
Italians
“Hands”
Important Renaissance
People: Artists
 Jan van Eyck
 Flemish painter
 Developed
techniques for the
new oil-based paints
still used today
 Able to create a variety
of subtle colors
Important Renaissance
People: Artists
 El Greco
 Spanish painter
 Painted many religious works, portraits, and
landscapes
 Paintings contained vibrant colors, unusual
perspectives, and strangely contorted
figures
El Greco
Important Renaissance
People
 Cervantes
 Spanish writer
 Wrote Don Quixote
considered to be the
first modern novel
Legacy of the
Renaissance
 Changes in Art
 Techniques and styles from classical Greece
and Rome
 Portrayed individuals and nature more
realistically
 Created works that were secular as well as
religious works
 Writers used vernacular language
 Praised individual achievement
Legacy of the
Renaissance
 Changes in Society
 Printing made information more available and
inexpensive
 More books increased a desire for learning and a
rise in literacy
 Christian humanists’ attempts to reform society
changed views on how lives should be lived
 People began to question political structures and
religious practices
Objectives
 Analyze the impact of the Protestant
Reformation; include the ideas of Martin
Luther.
 Describe the English Reformation and
the role of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.
Reformation
 Causes of Reformation
 Social
 Renaissance values led people to question the Church.
 Printing press.
 Political
 Powerful monarchs challenged the Church.
 Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged
authority.
 Economic
 Jealous of Church’s wealth.
 Merchants resented having to pay taxes to the Church.
 Religious
 Church leaders became corrupt.
 Sale of indulgences
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=un2qxIlqLP8&list=PLuR75fCOsUQeOosGe9qtff5noJxQUrN_S
Martin Luther
 Took action against Friar Tetzel.
 Wrote the 95 Theses and nailed to church
door
 Teachings rested on three main ideas:
 People could win salvation only by faith in God’s
gift of forgiveness.
 All church teachings should be clearly based on the
words of the Bible.
 All people with faith were equal.
Martin Luther ("Manic Monday" by the Bangles) - YouTube
The Pope Leo X Response
 Luther viewed as a
threat
 Threatens
excommunication
 Luther throws papal
decree in to the fire
before cheering
students
Diet of Worms
 Emperor Charles V
summons Luther to a
trial
 Luther refuses to
recant
 Luther declared an
outlaw, a heretic
A Safe Haven
 Prince Frederick of
Saxony offers shelter
 Disobeys the
Emperor
 After things settle
down, Luther returns
to Wittenberg
 Finds many
followers, now called
Lutherans
Protestant Reformation in
Germany
Peasants revolt
 German peasants revolt
 Oppose serfdom.
 Luther opposed revolt.
 Princes’ armies killed 100,000 people.
 Many peasants rejected Luther’s religious
leadership.
Germany at War
 Northern German princes supported
Lutheranism.
 1529, emergence of Protestantism, any
Christian who did not belong to the Catholic
Church.
 Charles V went to war against Protestant
princes.
 1547 failed to force them back to Catholicism.
 1555 signed Peace of Augsburg.
Henry VIII: A Devout
Catholic
 Writes attack on
Martin Luther
 Pope calls him
“Defender of the
Faith”
Henry VIII Problem
 Duties of a king –
protect your subjects,
rule the land and
produce a male heir
 Queen Catherine of
Aragon has only
given him a daughter
 Mary
The Solution
 Ask the Pope for a
divorce/annulmen
 Pope refuses
 Doesn’t want to
offend Catherine’s
nephew Charles V
On To Plan B
 1529 Henry calls Parliament
 Law passed ending the Catholic Church’s
power in England
 Called the Reformation Parliament
 Act of Supremacy names Henry as head
of Church of England
A New Wife
 1533 marries Anne
Boleyn
 Thomas More, king’s
loyal advisor,
protests
 Arrested, accused of
treason and
beheaded
 Meanwhile, Anne
gives birth to a
daughter, Elizabeth
Goodbye, Anne




Frustrated Henry has Anne arrested
Accused of infidelity
Paid accusers
Falsely accused confess and all
executed
Jane Seymour
 Dies in childbirth but
the boy lives
 Edward
The Rest of the Story
 Henry takes over
church property in
England
 Edward VI reigns on
his death
 1547 – 1553
 Mary, Bloody Mary,
 1553-1558
From his marriages, Henry had 3 children
who lived: Mary, Elizabeth and Edward.
HORRIBLE HISTORIES - The Wives of Henry VIII (Terrible Tudors) YouTube
England becomes
Protestant
 Consequences of
Henry’s changes
 Edward VI
 Too young when
he took the throne
 Guided by
Protestant
advisers
 Reigned for six
years
England becomes
Protestant
 Mary
 Catholic
 Returned
English Church
to the rule of the
pope
 Protestants
were executed
England becomes
Protestant
 Elizabeth
 Restores
Protestantism
 1559, set up the
Church of England, or
Anglican Church
English Reformation
Strengthened
 Elizabeth
 1558 – 1603
 Allows Protestantism
and Catholicism
 Sermons in English
 Mary Queen of Scots
 Philip II and the
Spanish Armada
Objectives
 Analyze the impact of the Protestant
Reformation; include the ideas of John
Calvin.
 Describe the Counter Reformation
(Catholic Reformation) at the Council of
Trent and the role of the Jesuits.
Calvinism
 Religious reform
began in
Switzerland.
 John Calvin (French
follower of Luther)
 Published Institutes of
the Christian Religion
in 1536.
 Predestination
Calvinism Spreads
 John Knox
 Scottish preacher who admired Geneva
 Put Calvin’s ideas to work
 Followers of Knox became known as Presbyterians
 Huguenots
 Calvin’s followers in France
 Hatred between Catholics and Huguenots led to
violence
 Estimated as many as 12,000 Huguenots were killed.
Other Protestant Reforms
 Anabaptists
 Rebaptized
 Taught that Church
and state should be
separate
 Refused to fight in
wars
 Both Catholics and
Protestants
persecuted them
Counter Reformation
(Catholic Reformation)
 Movement to help Catholics remain loyal
within the Catholic Church
 Important leaders
 Ignatius of Loyola
 Founded new religious orders
 Pope Paul III
 Took action to reform and renew the Church
within
Ignatius
 Wrote Spiritual
Exercises in 1522
 Jesuits
 Focused on three
activities:
 (1) schooling
 (2) mission to convert
non-Christians to
Catholicism
 (3) stop the spread of
Protestantism
Pope Paul III
 Took four important steps
 (1) Directed a council of cardinals to
investigate indulgence selling and other
abuses in the Church
 (2) Approved the Jesuit order
 (3) Used the Inquisition to seek out heresy in
papal authority
 (4) Called a council of church leaders to
meet in Trent
Pope Paul III
 Council of Trent
 Agreed on several doctrines:
 Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final
 Christians needed faith and good works of
salvation
 Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful
authorities for guiding Christian life
 Indulgences were valid expressions of faith, but
false selling of indulgences were banned.
Differences among the
faiths…Salvation
Catholics
Lutherans
Calvinists/Presbyterians
Anabaptists
Differences among the
faiths…Salvation
Catholics
Faith and
good works
Lutherans
Faith alone
Calvinists/Presbyterians
It’s already been
determined
(predestination)
Anabaptists
At a certain age
you choose to
be saved
(baptism)
Legacy of Reformation
 Ended Christian unity in Europe
 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Reformati
on.gif
 Europe was left culturally divided
 Religious and social effects
 Protestant churches flourished
 Roman Catholic Church became more unified
 Both Catholics and Protestants gave more emphasis to role of
education
 Political effects
 Individual monarchs and states gained power
 Laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment.
Differences among the
faiths…
 Catholics – faith and good works
 Lutherans – faith alone
 Calvinists/Presbyterians – it’s already
been determined (predestination)
 Anabaptists – at a certain age you
choose to be saved (baptism)
Try and answer the
following questions…
1. What were the major reasons for the
Reformation movement?
2. Who posted the 95 Theses, ultimately starting
the Reformation movement?
3. Who declared himself head of the church in
England?
4. What were the followers of John Knox known
as?
5. What religious group supported the idea of
predestination?
Try and answer the
following questions…
1. Members of a religious order for the followers
of Ignatius of Loyola were called what?
2. What was agreed upon at the Council of
Trent?
3. What was the legacy of the Reformation?
4. What was the Renaissance a rebirth of?
5. What is a major characteristic of humanism?
Try and answer the
following questions…
1. What were the major reasons for the Reformation
movement? Corruption in church, spread of ideas due
to printing press, jealous of church’s wealth, and
people resented paying taxes
2. Who posted the 95 Theses, ultimately starting the
Reformation movement? Martin Luther
3. Who declared himself head of the church in England?
Henry VIII
4. What were the followers of John Knox known as
what? Presbyterians
5. What religious group supported the idea of
predestination? Calvinists
Try and answer the
following questions…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Members of a religious order for the followers of Ignatius of
Loyola were called what? Jesuits
What was agreed upon at the Council of Trent? Church’s
interpretation of the Bible was final; Christians needed faith
and good works; Bible and Church tradition were equally
powerful; Indulgences were valid expressions of faith
What was the legacy of the Reformation? Europe was left
culturally divided; new churches flourished; Catholic
Church was stronger than ever; laid the foundation for the
Enlightenment
What was the Renaissance a rebirth of? Art and learning.
What is a major characteristic of humanism? Individualism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3m6iSe_xsPM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=un2qxIlqLP8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdE7LyxdTAg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h025a8GFlyI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4piapxaT0k