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The Renaissance
14th Century – 17th Century
The Growth of
Italian City-States
• Overseas trade, spurred by the
Crusades, led to their growth
• Northern Italy had a wealthy
merchant class
• It’s classical heritage of Greece
and Rome
Florence becomes
the most influential
city-state
Florence was mostly urban while the rest of Europe was rural.
Because of the plague, many of the city’s survivors could demand hi
Because Florence was small, many of its citizens could be involved
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Italian merchants displayed their wealth by
giving financial support to artists
Lorenzo de Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent)
was a generous patron of the arts
The Crusades made Europeans eager to
learn about the world around them
Church leaders became patrons of the arts by
financially supporting artists
• Renaissance means “re-birth” which
refers to revival in arts and learning
• Scholars became interested in
ancient Greek and Roman culture
• Artists used ancient art as models
• Filippo Brunelleschi designed
buildings after studying Roman ruins
ppo Brunelleschi – Commissioned to build the cathe
ed unique architectural concepts, studied the ancien
me Comparisons
St. Paul’s
(London)
US capital
(Washington)
Characteristics of Renaissance Art
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Three dimensional (much more realistic – especially with
sculptures)
Conveyed emotions & feelings
Not all religious themes – wealthy merchant class could
commission whatever they wanted (emphasis on Greek &
Roman culture)
Used new materials (including frescoes & oil painting)
Use of perspective (liked to paint people at the forefront of a
natural setting)
Used balance & proportion
Colors were lighter and more romantic in nature
Giovanni Giotto
Giotto developed a new artistic style
for creating frescos (paint on wet plaster
walls):
– Painted human figures that appeared
lifelike
– Painted people with emotion
– Painted people in frescos interacting with
each other
Giotto’s “Lamentation of
Christ” c. 1305
Donato Donatello
• Donatello was the greatest
sculptor of the Renaissance
• Medieval sculptors only carved the
front of a statue, but Donatello
wanted sculptures to be viewed
from all sides like Greek & Roman
statues
Donatello’s
“David” became
the first large,
free-standing
human sculpture
c. 1440s
Tommaso Masaccio
Masaccio added to Giotto’s innovative style by
using perspective: showing objects in the
foreground as larger than objects in the
background, which gives the illusion of depth.
Perspective…
Masaccio’s
“The Tribute Money” 1420s
Michelangelo
A favorite of the Medicis and the Pope
Michelangelo’s “Pieta” depicts the
Virgin Mary cradling the limp body
of the crucified Jesus (1499).
Michelangelo’s statue of
“David” expresses the
Renaissance belief in
human dignity and
greatness (1501-1504).
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His greatest work is the 130 ft x 44 ft ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel; which shows Biblical images of
amazing detail, power, & beauty.
Michelangelo painted more than 300 massive
human figures onto the 5,800 square-foot ceiling
while laying on his back, between 1508 and 1512.
The ceiling contains illustrations from the creation
of Adam to the story of Noah.
of the Heavens
ne Chapel Details
Creation of Man
• Michelangelo returned to the chapel to
begin painting the altarpiece “The Last
Judgment” from 1537-1541.
• This painting features Christ judging
souls as they rise and fall from each side
of the painting.
Bartholomew's flayed skin
Raphael
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Raphael “perfected” Renaissance painting.
He became the favorite painter of the Pope because
of his amazing detailed paintings showing Greeks &
Romans along with Renaissance people.
“School of Athens” is his greatest work.
– All of the important Greek philosophers and thinkers are
included in this painting  all of the great personalities of
the classical period
– A great variety of poses
– Raphael worked on this commission at the same time that
Michelangelo was doing the Sistine Chapel.
Plato and Aristotle
Socrates
Raphael
Alexander the Great
Michelangelo
Pythagoras
Zoroaster
Ptolemy
Euclid
ective!
rothal
y Raphael (1504)
Leonardo da Vinci
A true
“Renaissance Man”
Leonardo was an
inventor, painter,
sculptor, & scientist
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– Second level
• Third level
o, the Artist
• Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy
• Da Vinci’s “Last Supper” shows Jesus’ last meeting with the
• The facial expressions, detail, and emotion made it a master
pper – Geometry
vertical
per – Perspective
horizontal
Vinci “Code”
Mary Magdalene?
Da Vinci’s
“Mona Lisa”
is known for its
emotion and depth.
Aug. 23rd was the
100th anniversary of
the discovery that it
was stolen.
Thousands of people
came to the museum
to see the empty nail
in the space where
the painting had
hung.
Interesting History of the “Mona Lisa”
• On August 12, 1911, a Louvre employee stole it
by entering the building during regular hours,
hiding in a broom closet and walking out with it
hidden under his coat after the museum had
closed
• After keeping the painting in his apartment for
two years, the man grew impatient and was
caught when he attempted to sell it to an art
dealer; it was exhibited all over Italy and
returned to the Louvre in 1913
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In 1956, the lower part of the painting was
severely damaged when someone doused
it with acid
On December 30 of that same year,
another person damaged the painting by
throwing a rock at it
The result was a speck of pigment near
Mona Lisa's left elbow
The painting is now covered with
bulletproof security glass
Notebooks
00 pages)
Leonardo, the S
Pages from his N
the Engineer:
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Leonardo sketch
He intended to po
• Leonardo’s many military inventions included this design for an ar
• Four soldiers sitting inside could turn cranks to move the wheels o
Da Vinci also invented a giant cross bow. It's difficult to know whether it would have
Vitruvian
Man
• The length of a man's
outspread arms is equal to
his height
• The maximum width of the
shoulders is a quarter of a
man's height
• The distance from the elbow
to the tip of the hand is onefifth of a man's height
Renaissance
Writers
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Francesco Petrarch collected ancient writings
& also wrote his own collection of love poems
called Sonnets to Laura
Baldassare Castiglione wrote The Book of
the Courtier describing manners, skills (the
Ideal Man & Woman)
Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince –
essentially a primer on how to rule a kingdom
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The Renaissance spread from Italy as scholars from other
areas visited Italian city-states & took the new ideas they saw
back
Led to the Northern Renaissance
– Kings bought Renaissance art, helping to spread new
ideas
– Ideas spread to the Holy Roman Empire (Germany),
England, France, Belgium, Netherlands
– Still recovering from the plague
– Renaissance in Germany was very religious—Christian
humanists criticized the church & society (will lead to
Protestant Reformation)
Erasmus
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Dutch priest & humanist, spent time
studying in Italy
Rewrote the New Testament in Greek
Urged for a new version of the bible
that the average man could read
(vernacular)
poked fun at greedy merchants and
pompous priests in his writings
The Renaissanc
• Renaissance in England focused on
social issues—Thomas More criticized
society through Utopia
• William Shakespeare— playwright
who wrote plays based on ideas from
classics & universal human qualities
Johann Gutenburg
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Printed the first complete edition of the
Bible in 1456 using the first printing press
More Europeans began to read
Exposed people to new ideas …. Leads to
the Reformation
• The Renaissance encouraged a
new spirit of adventure and
discovery
• The Renaissance spirit played an
important role in helping to launch
the Age of Exploration