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The Italian Renaissance 1 Events ending the Middle Ages Great Famine (1313-1322) • • • • Heavy rains led to flooding Crops spoiled – livestock drowned Result in Great Famine Farm animals needed for work were slaughtered for food, seed grain eaten • Millions died from the famine • Many questioned the Church why this happened 2 Events ending the Middle Ages • Black Death (1347-1351) • The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) • 116 year war between England & France – King of England claimed French throne – Long war strengthened royal power in both countries. – Each king developed a standing army of foot soldiers 3 Events ending the Middle Ages Hundred Years’ War: – New weapons • English long bow • Gun-powder and cannons from China – Both countries developed greater national feeling and loyalty to kings. – Joan of Arc (1429) • Successfully drove the English out of the city Orleans & crowned the new French king. 4 Events ending the Middle Ages Great Schism (1378-1417) • Pope often clashed with Europe’s secular (nonreligious) rulers. • Kings wanted to: – appoint bishops who controlled large areas of land – try priests in royal courts – tax Church lands • Pope resisted these demands 5 Great Schism (1378-1417) • 1305 – Frenchman elected Pope – Moved Papacy from Rome to Avignon, France – Church fell under French King’s influence • 1378 – An Italian was elected Pope – French cardinals claimed election was unlawful • Elected a French Pope to keep Papacy in Avignon • Created schism (split) weakened Church’s authority • 1409 - Church Council made matters worse by electing a third Pope • 1417 - A new Church Council deposed all three and elected a single Pope in but Church’s prestige was weakened 6 What was the Renaissance? • The Renaissance was a time of renewal • Renaissance means rebirth • A philosophical and artistic movement. • People had lost their faith in the church and began to put more focus on human beings. 7 What was the Renaissance? • Began in Italy • As trade between Asia and Europe increased, cities of Italy emerged as centers of banking and commerce • Secular (things not religious) • Moved away from life in the church • Focuses more on material objects and enjoying life 8 Italy failed to become united during the Ages. Many independent city-states emerged in northern and central Italy that played an important role in Italian politics and art. Venice Major Italian Cities Milan Venice It attracts trade from all over the world. Florence Florence Controlled by the De Medici Family, who became great patrons of the arts. Milan One of the richest cities, it controls trade through the Alps. All of these cities: Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets • Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe • Were initially independent city-states governed as republics 9 Italian Renaissance Writers Francesco Petrarch • Considered the father of Humanism • Sonnets to Laura • Believed that God had given man his intellect and potential to be used to the fullest. Niccolo Machiavelli • The Prince • First work of political science, instruction manual to do what is necessary to stay in power and stability. • Looked to ancient Romans as models 10 • Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved • Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making • Ruler keeps power by any means necessary • Be good when possible, and evil when necessary 11 The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature. Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education became increasingly secular. Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity. 12 •Renaissance Artists embraced some of the ideals of Greece and Rome in their art •They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion •Sculpture emphasized realism and the human form •Perspective •Oil on canvass •Three dimensional 13 Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is considered to be one of the most inspired men who ever lived 14 David Michelangelo created his masterpiece David in 1504. 15 Sistine Chapel Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. 16 1452-1519 Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer, and Scientist. Genius! 17 Mona Lisa 18 The Last Supper 19 Raphael 1483-1520 The Sistine Madonna, details of the angels (1512-1513) 20 •In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using movable metal type on a machine called a printing press. •Printed books became cheap and easier to produce than hand written copies •Now, readers gained access to broad range of knowledge. •The printing press would greatly contribute to the Protestant Reformation 21 Northern Renaissance Writers Thomas More – Utopia: ideal society – No one is lazy, all people are educated, and the justice system is used to end crime instead of executing criminals. – Served King Henry VIII of England 22 Northern Renaissance Writers William Shakespeare – Leading Literary figure – Transformed wellknown stories into dramatic masterpieces – Portrayed personality and human emotions – Hamlet, Romeo & Juliet, and Macbeth 23 Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art •The continuation of late medieval attention to details. •Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”]. •Interest in landscapes. •More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life. 24 25 What was the Protestant Reformation?? Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church 26 The Beginning • The first break in the Catholic Church took place in what is now Germany. • Many people entered clergy to gain power and wealth rather than because of faith. • Members of the church acted more like secular princes rather than spiritual leaders. 27 28 The Beginning • Johann Tetzel: sent to raise funds in northern German states • Indulgences: pardons from punishment for sins • Originally rewarded for good deeds • Renaissance Popes simply sold them for money. 29 Martin Luther Lived from 1483-1546 in Germany Father encouraged him to study law A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk 30 Martin Luther • Found that the church’s methods for overcoming sin gave him no comfort • Turned to the bible for comfort • Developed beliefs became known as LUTHERANISM 31 Lutheranism • Ceremonies and good deeds made no difference in saving a sinner • Only thing that counted was inner faith in God • Simple faith could lead everyone to salvation 32 Luther’s 95 Theses A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints) Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany Gained support from people and criticism from Church Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs 33 Luther’s 95 Theses He criticized: The Power of the Pope The Extreme Wealth of the Church Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation 34 Luther on Trial The Edict of Worms 1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefs Luther burned the order and was excommunicated Luther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further 35 He was the Pope during the height of the corruption 36 Anglican Church King Henry VIII caused the break between England & the Roman Catholic Church. Declared himself head of the English church. (Act of Supremacy 1534) Created the Church of England with the King as head of the church. 37 John Calvin Anti-Catholic Influenced by Martin Luther Published a clear set of beliefs: The Institutes of the Christian Religion. 38 Predestination Calvin believed in: Salvation through Predestination It is already decided by God who will be saved and who will not be saved. 39 Calvin believed God knows everything that will happen in your life Purified approach to life: No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc.. C C 40 Started in Switzerland – Calvinists France = Huguenots England = Puritans Scotland = Presbyterians Germany = Reform Church 41 Puritan Presbyterian Hugeunots 42 Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reformation) • 1530’s Catholic Church started reform • An attempt to return the church to an emphasis on spiritual matters • A campaign to stop the spread of Protestantism. 43 Counter-Reformation • Pope Paul III • Brought the inquisition to Rome – Used to find & punish Heretics – Cruel punishment to keep people within the Catholic Church • Pope Paul IV -Index of Forbidden Books 44 The Council of Trent • Council called by Pope Paul III called to clarify the church’s teachings RESULTS: • Indulgences were a valid expression of faith but selling them was banned. • Tightened discipline within the clergy 45 Counter-Reformation • • • • Society of Jesus: Jesuits (a religious order) Ignatius de Loyola founded the Jesuits Organized them like a military body Stressed Education and founded some of the best colleges in Europe. • Worked to strengthen the faith of Catholics in their schools 46 Results • A time of devastating religious wars in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. • 30 Years War (1618-1648): Wars between Catholics and Protestants. 47 • Explained many of the events that took place around them as the doing of spirits • Wise people were often called “good witches” • “Witch hunting” occurred in the 1500s and lasted for more than 100 years 48