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THE RENAISSANCE The Renaissance in Art IN REVIEW -Uhh… what’s a Renaissance? -Italian Renaissance -Northern Renaissance Why Italy? • A. Urban City-states (no feudal past due to landscape… too many small mountains for large farms)… trading of ideas & growth of education & wealth in city environments • B. Wealthy (Need money to have time for leisure/enjoyment of art… Medici family) Money from trade, finished goods (glass, textiles/cloth, etc.) • C. Geography (Greek teachers moved there following fall of Constantinople… Muslim traders, w/knowledge of Greek past, trade there often… ) • D. Resources (Rome… brought money from all over Europe with Church; Classical artifacts found all throughout daily life; many monasteries for ancient manuscripts, & universities to push scholarship/learning) I. Renaissance ID • Who? Humanists… scholars, teachers & artists (see next slide)… keep in mind that the Renaissance was about education in Italy, so it was an UPPER class phenomenon • What? A Rebirth of classical past. • Where? Italy first, esp. Florence • When? Around 1350-1550 • Why (Sig.)? Birth of modern thought… more secular, more individualistic, more rational Humanism: • Educational philosophy… antischolasticism (don’t memorize, but understand) • Emphasis on Classical Past • Taught history, language, literature, philosophy and rhetoric • Petrarch was “Father” The Art of the Renaissance … Italian Ren. • Many masters… vivid, detailed & lifelike works – Perspective (depth) & chiaroscuro (shading to add natural qualities) – Free-standing statues (see next slide) • Bright colors (new oil based paints), themes reflect thoughts of day (+ where money came from… rich merchants seeking their place on Earth, while in a Catholic nation) Sculpture through the Ages… Michelangelo’s David… • Medieval: Bas Relief (Who’s got man’s back? The Church. Man can’t stand alone in the MAs!) Renaissance: Free Standing • Shows key values of It. Ren… Individualism & Secularism (man stands alone on earth) & Rationalism (study of anatomy, realism) very different interpretation than Donatello’s (later) The Renaissance Art Experience • For each of the following pictures, first look at the work and examine the ways in which it reflects the values of the day (for the cinquecentro, or 15th century). After viewing pictures, thinking through your analysis, click to bring up brief overview of pics/statues. Donatello, David • 1440… earliest free-standing nude (& free standing Bronze) since Classical times • Notice the sly, playful look of David after slaying Goliath (head under foot)… this is definitely a new age, a Renaissance of the Individual! • David is very common subject of Renaissance; human being, fighting against odds and doing great things… virtù!?! • Michelangelo, • Creation of Man (from the ceiling of Sistine Chapel) Early 16th century; Where is God in relation to Adam? Notice attitude of Adam, placement of hands, realism of anatomy… Renaissance masterpiece, painted from his back!) • Raphael, School of Athens • Love of classics… Plato & Aristotle walking through School of Athens, discussing key values/thoughts of day. • Unbelievable perspective… eye focuses on center point in picture, creates definite foreground and background. • Raphael painted contemporaries (Michelangelo, Raphael, & Leonardo) into painting… showing ultimate respect for classics, ‘we would have loved to have been there • Michelangelo, The Pieta • This is made of marble… wow! Look at flow of Mary’s gown, the wrinkles in dress, the emaciated arm of Jesus… unbelievable realism & anatomical study! • The subject reflects who is paying for work… the Church. Found today in St. Peter’s in the Vatican. Other Key Intellectuals… • Machiavelli, The Prince – Ends justify means… utilize virtù • Baldasare Castiglione, Book of the Courtier – All the rules of how should act in life; nothing religious about topic, very secular – Kind of an early “Miss Manners”… don’t spit on floor, try not to wipe mouth with your sleeve, and how to impress ladies/men • Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man – All about the potential greatness of man; man is only creature that has the ability to choose his own destiny… can soar to greatness, or can drop down to lowest levels of humanity. Key point is that it is his choice, not a religious principle (very much along the lines of thought for Neo-Platonists, those modern Renaissance thinkers who turned to Plato for answers to cosmological questions). The Northern Renaissance • Art of Northern Ren. mirrors ideas of Reformation… simpler messages, more lay audience; Used Printing Press (Gutenberg) Italian Ren. Northern Ren. • “Simpler” themes •Ornate scenes, often -Often Death, Piety or stressing individualism, Village scenes; Portraits mythology, etc. • No classical past (no •Antiquity fascination w/Rome or Greece) • Few paintings for Church •Roman Catholic (influence of Reformation… Church funded lots… wanted simple religion, not ornate & wealthy) • Albrect Durer, The Four Horseman of the • Strong theme of death & destruction… Apocalypse sign that apocalypse was coming (largely in response to lavish lifestyle & corruption of church officials) •Portrayed death by famine, disease & war… running over helpless people • Woodcut (carved in relief in wood) • Jan van Eyck, • The Arnolfini Wedding • Common scene of wedding… normal people (merchant and wife) • Used oil based paints… bright & realistic • TONS of symbology here… one candle burnign in chandelier, symbolizing one guiding light of Jesus; dog is sign of fidelity or faithfulness; did artist paint himself in mirror in back? Is this wedding in a church? • Hans Holbein • The Ambassadors • Portraits very common in North… Holbein was the master. If Church didn’t fund works for artists in North, needed patronage of newly rich merchants • Look at how guys are portrayed as “Renaissance Men”… instruments, globe, books, telescope, scrolls & map; all included for sole purpose of making themselves appear smart & worldly Other Intellectuals • Erasmus, In Praise of Folly – Julius Excluded from Heaven • satire making fun of Julius II… pope too corrupt to get into heaven!) – “The Prince of Humanists” – Called for end to church corruption, but never gave up on Catholicism • Thomas More, Utopia – Possible to improve life… while still on earth! – Utopia either showed perfect society based on Christian principles (though in foreign land… natives loving thy neighbors, sharing in property for early sign of Communist ideas)